Overseas developments

Not all EC countries have introduced legislation on occupational health. In France, for example, fhere is no law requiring treatment services but pre-employment medical examinations are mandatory. 

Holland and Belgium require medical services in companies of over a specified size. In Germany, doctors framed in occupational health must be employed in factories as must safety advisers, and in a number of other European countries the major concerns have occupational health services. 

Some countries use the factory as the site for a medical centre which provides clinical services for workers and their families as well as making available similar medical facilities fo those provided by many factory medical departments in the UK. 

In the USA the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) determines standards of occupation health and safety at work and organises training and research facilities. The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 applies to workers in industry, agriculture and construction sites and requires that employers must provide a place of work free from hazards likely to cause death or serious harm to employees Elsewhere, occupational nursing arrangements generally reflect the national emphasis placed on occupational health. 

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S. R. J. Robbins,M Feview ofFecent Trends in Selected Markets for Water Soluble Gums, Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute, bulletin no. 2, Kent, U.K., 1987. 

The authors thank the University Grants Commission and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi and the Overseas Development Administration, U.K. for support. 

D. G. CAMPION and B. R. CRITCHLEY—Overseas Development Administration, Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London W8 5SJ, England... 

The authors are indebted to many people for their invaluable contributions to this work, notably Peter Beevor, Ralph Lester, Alan Cork and Maureen Eyles at TPI, Malcolm Alder at ICI and Philip Hunter-Jones and Lawrence McVeigh of COPR. The field work in Egypt was part of a collaborative project between the Overseas Development Administration and the Egyptian Academy of Sciences, and assistance by Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture is gratefully acknowledged. 

Figure 6.3 Effect of solvents on the penetration of DDT to tsetse flies. (From Hadaway, A.B., Bar-low, F., and Flower, L.S., Ministry of Overseas Development, Miscellaneous Report No. 22, Centre for Overseas Pest Research, College House, London, 1976.)...

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Weeks, J.M. and Williams, T.M. (1994) Preliminary Field Trial of a Method for the Rapid Assessment of Invertebrate Stress from Mining-related Arsenic and Heavy Metal Contamination Wanderer Gold Mine, Zimbabwe. Overseas Development Administration, London. 

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As the combat period approached, Colonel Unmacht and his stafiF turned their attention from numerous projects in gas warfare defense and decontamination to the nontoxic chemical weapons and munitions. Their work on the flame thrower tank, and later on stabilized flame thrower fuels, was the outstanding overseas development work of the worldwide CWS. Unmacht was a strong proponent of the use of the 4.2-inch chemical mortar with high-explosive shell, and the development, testing, and combat supply of a landing craft mortar mounting for Pacific amphibious operations represented one of his achievements in the field of combat support. The mortar gun boat development was also a noteworthy example of Army-Navy co-operation. 

Colonel Unmacht was an unusually dynamic officer who was not afraid to use his energy in any way he felt might contribute to the war effort. Few other chemical officers would have believed possible the overseas development, much less the assembly, of a main armament dame thrower tank. Unmacht not only believed it possible— he got the job done. His willingness to undertake large responsibilities in no small measure contributed to the success of the CWS in the Central Pacific and to the esteem in which the service was held. The Central Pacific situation also contributed because the commander, not being also a supreme commander as in other theaters, had the time to give support to his services. The Central Pacific Army commander did not command combat operations, but his support as senior Army commander in the theater for most of the war made easier the operation of the CWS. The CWS also enjoyed an excellent relationship with the POA and Navy commands in the area because it was able to provide services and weapons support when the Navy and the Marine Corps wanted them. The Central Pacific Area and the military facilities in the area offered a unique opportunity for accomplishment. The CWS administration in the theater was almost ideally suited to these circumstances. 

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One of the current debates concerns the issue as to whether or not it is meaningful to look at IDPs as a distinct category of concern. The International Committee of the Red Cross, for instance, maintains that ICRC does not believe that someone displaced is automatically more vulnerable than someone who is not (ICRC 2009 20) and a study by the Overseas Development Institute stressed that identifying IDPs as a distinct category has not ame ho rated their situation (Collinson, Darcy, and Waddell 2009 53). Similarly, James Hathaway has asked Why should they be treated as a category of concern distinguished from other internal human rights victims who have not been displaced (Hathaway 2007 360). 

CoUinson, S., Darcy, J., Waddell, N., et al. (2009) Realising Protection The Uncertain Benefits of Civilian, Refugee and IDP Status. HPG Report 28. London Overseas Development Institute. 

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CoUinson, S. (2003), Power, Livelihoods and Conflict Case Studies in Political Economy Analysis for Humanitarian Action HPG Report 13. London Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute. 

CoUinson, S., etal. (2010) States of Fragility StabUisation and its Implications for Humanitarian Action. Humanitarian Policy Group Working Paper, Overseas Development Institute, August... 

Metcalfe, V., et al. (2011) Integration and Humanitarian Space An Independent Study Commissioned by the UN Integration Steering Group. Humanitarian PoUcy Group/Overseas Development Institute and the Stimson Centre, December. 

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