Other quality considerations

In order to create a quality standard for a particular juice, natural strength or concentrate, there are a number of fairly routine analytical test parameters to be considered. These include 

CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOFT DRINKS AND FRUIT JUICES 

This chapter has touched upon some of the mechanical techniques used to express juice from the fruit source, but it should be noted that there are process variations on those listed that are subject to exclusivity within parts of the industry and the details of which are not publicly available. 

Good improvements in the concentration of fruit juices have been achieved in recent years. As it is the case that the majority of concentrates are to be reconstituted in application, the quality achievable for the natural strength remake will be an important issue. 

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Smylie et al., (1991), reviewed the impact on air quality of gasoline reformulation efforts. These gasolines would usually differ from "conventional" fuels in at least three features lower volatility, presence of an oxygenate and lower aromatics. Other quality considerations, such as toxic or air-toxic content, (e.g. lead, benzene, etc.) also come into play for a variety of other effects. 

Product Quality Considerations of product quahty may require low holdup time and low-temperature operation to avoid thermal degradation. The low holdup time eliminates some types of evaporators, and some types are also eliminated because of poor heat-transfer charac teristics at low temperature. Product quality may also dic tate special materials of construction to avoid met hc contamination or a catalytic effect on decomposition of the product. Corrosion may also influence evaporator selection, since the advantages of evaporators having high heat-transfer coefficients are more apparent when expensive materials of construction are indicated. Corrosion and erosion are frequently more severe in evaporators than in other types of equipment because of the high hquid and vapor velocities used, the frequent presence of sohds in suspension, and the necessary concentration differences. 

It is important that personnel understand how to achieve safe operation, but not at the exclusion of other important considerations, such as reliability, operability, and maintainability. The chemical industry has also found significant benefit to plant productivity and operability when SIS work processes are used to design and manage other instrumented protective systems (IPS), such as those mitigating potential economic and business losses. The CCPS book (2007) Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective Systems discusses the activities and quality control measures necessary to achieve safe and reliable operation throughout the IPS lifecycle. 

Internal quality control is undertaken by the inclusion of particular reference materials, called control materials , into the analytical sequence and by duplicate analysis. The control materials should, wherever possible, be representative of the test materials under consideration in respect of matrix composition, the state of physical preparation and the concentration range of the analyte. As the control materials are treated in exactly the same way as the test materials, they are regarded as surrogates that can be used to characterise the performance of the analytical system, both at a specific time and over longer intervals. Internal quality control is a final check of the correct execution of all of the procedures (including calibration) that are prescribed in the analytical protocol and all of the other quality assurance measures that underlie good analytical practice. IQC is therefore necessarily retrospective. It is also required to be as far as possible independent of the analytical protocol, especially the calibration, that it is designed to test. 

The most extensive and detailed studies of the equilibrium processes are those of Brandts and his colleagues 336, 339, 373). A careful calorimetric study has been reported by Tsong et al. 374)- This work and that of others is discussed by Tanford in a recent review 333). Although the primary data are of very high quality, considerable uncertainty is involved in their interpretation. The problems are perfectly general in protein chemistry. 

Indoor air quality has been a public health concern for several decades now. Indoor air quality is affected both by infiltration of outdoor air in buildings and indoor sources such as smoking, gas cooking, and use of consumer products [6]. Penetration of particles into indoor environments depends on particle size, air exchange rates, and other factors. Consideration of indoor sources is important because they may be associated with significant health effects, e.g., environmental tobacco smoke. Presence of indoor sources may further complicate assessment of the impact of outdoor air on indoor air. In this chapter we separately describe the impact of indoor sources and outdoor air on indoor pollution, because health effects of outdoor and indoor generated particles may differ as their composition differs [7]. 

Many changes may be proposed after approval for a variety of reasons, such as quality, marketing financial or other business considerations. Stability studies of one sort or another are required for most changes. 

Control and Instrumentation The purpose of the control and instrumentation system is to provide a system that enables the process to produce the product at the desired moisture target and that meets other quality control targets discussed earlier (density, particle size, color, solubility, etc.). This segment discusses key considerations for dryer control and instrumentation. Additional more detailed information can be found in Sec. 8, Process Control. ... 

Solvents are selected to increase reaction rates, to increase the reproducibility and ease of running reactions, and to ensure that the desired quality and yield of product is reached. Other important considerations are to decrease waste and allow for efficient solvent recovery and reuse. Each of these goals has a direct efiect on productivity and product cost for a manufactured product. In early stages of development, providing material by any means is crucial, and solvents are selected to ensure that the desired product can be prepared within the timeline with minimal difficulty. 

For high-value products like pharmaceuticals, certain foods, and advanced materials, quality considerations override other considerations since the cost of drying is unimportant. Throughputs of such products are also relatively low. 

All products have a quality horizon. While some are intentionally low, others are intentionally high. This is no different in the pharmaceutical industry, where the product must be considered to be the drug and pack and both will warrant equal quality considerations. Emphasis might vary from company to company or from industry to industry, but whatever the product standard it is essential for the manufacturer to know its market sector and whether quality objectives are being achieved at the right market cost. 

Reviewers, of course, must address the novelty and quality of the work, the clarity of the presentation, the adequacy of the references, and other such considerations, as other respondents probably have noted. But some points should not be left out of a discussion of peer review. 

Starting materials are usually subjected to an identity test and additional testing to determine if they meet appropriate spedfications. Some starting materials may not be acceptance tested by the manufacturer because of the hazards involved or other valid considerations. In such a circumstance quality certification for each batch from the vendor should be on file. There should always be some evidence of an attempt by the exdpient manufacturer to establish identity, even if it is only a visual examination of containers, examination of labels, and recording of batch numbers from the labels. 

This category includes the personal interpretation of cultural and subcultural world views. Relative to antimicrobials, these include subjective likes and dislikes of characteristics such as the fragrance and feel of the product, the perceived quality of the product, and other aesthetic considerations [7]. As with cultural attributes, there are manifest and latent values in this category. Hence, if one likes the springtime fragrance of a consumer body wash product (manifest), the latent or deeper value may be that it makes one feel younger and, therefore, more physically attractive and desirable. 

What can be done in research situations often is infeasible for routine decisions. Accordingly, there will always be a gulf between "research" and "practical" data. The ACS recommendations were directed largely at the latter type. While the recomoienda-tions may appear to encourage loss of quantitative information, the actual loss may have little significeuice in most cases due to quality considerations. However, no data should be edited in this or any other manner if so-doing would preclude its future use for an other-wise useful purpose. 

There are other quality of work schedule considerations. For example, if the demand on Saturday is different from the demand on Sunday, then it is possible to give days off on one of the weekend days. Workers prefer to have weekend days off. The pair (Mon., Fri.) is also useful because it can be exchanged in the schedule for any pair and still maintain a maximum work stretch of six days. 

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