Other Laboratory Findings

A comparison with the acid phosphatase (s) which may be increased in carcinoma of the prostate, Paget s disease, certain liver diseases, and hyperparathyroidism showed that the acid phosphatase of Gaucher s disease can be differentiated from the former with the use of various activators and inhibitors (Grundig et al. 1965). In contrast to prostatic phosphatases it is not inhibited by L-tartrate 

Another potential source of the enzyme is the central nervous system which normally contains not only the greatest amount of cerebrosides, but also large quantities of acid phosphatase. The significance of this association for the pathogenesis of GD deserves further study. 

A search for elevated serum phosphatase in healthy relatives of Gaucher patients has been unsuccessful neither parents nor siblings of affected subjects had abnormal values (Hillborg and Estborn 1964). Measurement of the acid phosphatase is therefore not a potential test for heterozygous subjects. 

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Laboratory examination of the CSF usually reveals a pleocytosis with 100 to 1000 WBCs/mm , which are primarily lymphocytic however, 20% to 75% of patients with viral encephalitis may have a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells on initial examination of the CSF, especially in enteroviral meningitis. On repeat lumbar puncture, 90% of patients presenting initially with a predominance of neutrophils experience a shift to a predominance of mononuclear cells. Other laboratory findings include normal to mildly elevated protein concentrations and normal or mildly reduced glucose concentrations (see Table 105-1). 

Ketones are an important class of industrial chemicals that have found widespread use as solvents and chemical intermediates. Acetone (qv) is the simplest and most important ketone and finds ubiquitous use as a solvent. Higher members of the aUphatic methyl ketone series (eg, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and methyl amyl ketone) are also industrially significant solvents. Cyclohexanone is the most important cycHc ketone and is primarily used in the manufacture of y-caprolactam for nylon-6 (see Cyclohexanoland cyclohexanone). Other ketones find appHcation in fields as diverse as fragrance formulation and metals extraction. Although the industrially important ketones are reviewed herein, the laboratory preparation of ketones is covered elsewhere (1). 

The RICs for m/z 614, indicating unchanged Indinavir, and m/z 630 and 646, i.e. those expected from its mono- and dihydroxymetabolites, are shown in Figure 5.41. This allows the presence of three monohydroxylated and one dihy-droxylated metabolite to be demonstrated the other responses observed were shown by the authors not to be associated with the drug. The MS-MS spectrum of the molecular species of the dihydroxylated compound did not allow its structure to be determined but those from the molecular species from the monohydroxylated compounds allowed the structures shown in Figure 5.42 to be proposed and these correlate well with the findings from other laboratories . 

Many laboratories find it practical to keep separate records for these, which means that the sample numbering system for raw materials must be different from that used for finished products. Other laboratories lump everything together for the purpose of record keeping but have separate storage areas for the two types of samples. 

Three laboratories in addition to NIST participated in an inter-laboratory evaluation of the CHR template. All of the laboratories essentially followed the NIST protocol. Three of the four labs found essentially the same polymorphisms. Laboratory 4, who had less experience with sequencing mtDNA, did find differences that the other laboratories did not observe. The differences noted by Laboratory 4 confirm and emphasize the need for a standard reference material for sequencing mtDNA. Had Laboratory 4 had run NIST mtDNA SRM 2392 simultaneously with their unknown sample, they would have realized that they were finding an undue number of differences and could have reexamined their procedures to try to determine the reason for these differences. 

While some clinical and laboratory findings assist in the general diagnosis of ARF, others are used to differentiate between prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal ARF. For example, patients with prerenal ARF typically demonstrate enhanced sodium reabsorption, which is reflected by a low urine sodium concentration and a low fractional excretion of sodium. Urine is typically more concentrated with prerenal ARF and there is a higher urine osmolality and urine plasma creatinine ratio compared to intrinsic and postrenal ARF. 

During the media blitz that followed, Patterson urged the public to buy Chicken of the Sea tuna because the Van Camp Sea Food Company s molded steel cans were lead-free. With characteristic bluntness, Patterson lambasted a host of government laboratories from the Environmental Protection Agency and its Bureau of Foods to the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Asked if any other laboratories agreed with his findings, Patterson declared loftily that scientific questions are not determined by majority vote. 

Samples of your blood, urine, or feces can be tested to see if you were exposed to hexachloroethane. The tests are not routinely available at most doctors offices, but your doctor can collect blood, urine, or fecal samples and send them to a special laboratory for testing. These tests are useful only if you were exposed 24-48 hours before you saw the doctor. Your body changes hexachloroethane into the same compounds that it makes from other chemicals like tetrachloroethylene or pentachloroethane. Your body can also make hexachloroethane from carbon tetrachloride. Therefore, if a laboratory finds hexachloroethane in your body blood or excretions, your doctor will ask you if you were exposed to carbon tetrachloride. More information on medical tests that can be used to determine if you have been exposed to hexachloroethane is in Chapters 2 and 6. 

The second issue involves the nature of published material itself. Due to journal space limitations and/or other factors, it is rare to find enough detail presented for a reader to make an independent evaluation of the value of the irritation data. Sometimes the test methodology is not defined, making direct comparisons to results obtained in other laboratory situations tenuous at best. Often raw data are lacking, and the results are reduced to either a plus-minus score or a broad categorization (mild, moderate, severe), so that a more specific appraisal cannot be made. These factors preclude the resolution and evaluation of seemingly conflicting data that one often finds in the literature. 

There are numerous reports from other laboratories which are in line with these findings respecting individuality in urine composition, though seldom has attention been paid to repeated samples from the same individuals. 

Lactic acidosis/Severe hepatomegaly with steatosis Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination, including emtricitabine and other antiretrovirals. Treatment with emtricitabine should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity. 

Comparisons of sleep laboratory findings in depressed patients with those in patients with other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, dementia, anorexia, and anxiety disorders, showed that a reduction in sleep efficiency is not only seen in depression (Benca et al. 1992 Ganguli et al. 1987 Hiatt et al. 1985 Insel et al. 1982b Levy et al. 1988 Loewenstein et al. 1982 T. A. Mellman and Uhde 1989 Neil et al. 1980 Papadimitriou et al. 1988 Prinz et al. 1982 C. F. Reynolds et al. 1983 Stern et al. 1969 Walsh et al. 1985). Nonetheless, with the exception of schizophrenic patients, depressed patients have the most severely affected indices of sleep induction and maintenance (Benca et al. 1992). 

The references cited here depend heavily on investigations reported by the Professor Ahmed H. Zewail, the 1999 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, and his collaborators at the California Institute of Technology. In them, one will find extensive citations of work leading up to recent advances in femtochemistry as well as to contemporary studies from other laboratories. 

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