Other deviations

By combining elements of the first column of the guide words with elements of columas 2 or 4 of the process parameters, process deviations may be found. For example, combining the first guide word, "No" from Table 3.3.4-1 with the first process parameter, Flow rate from Table >.3 4-4, the deviation No flow rate" is found. Other deviations may be created similarly... 

Devore has presented useful charts for solving a multi-tuhe condenser design as shown in Figures 10-68,10-69, and 10-70. Figure 10-71 is useful for condensing steam. The charts all follow Nusselt s basic presentation however, a correction for turbulence of the film and other deviations is included. 

M at 25°C [114]. Equation (51) or (52) enables the diffusivity of a solute to be measured. For example, from the slope of the line in Fig. 17 under sink conditions, D is calculated to be 6.1 X 10-6 cm2/sec for 2-naphthoic acid. At low rotational speeds, the dissolved solute may not be uniformly distributed throughout the volume of the dissolution medium, and/or natural convection may become significant. The former effect may complicate the analytical procedure, while the latter effect will cause positive deviations of J values from Eqs. (51) and (52). At high rotational speeds, turbulence may disturb the flow pattern in Fig. 16, causing other deviations [101,104],... 

Deviations are abnormal situations, outside the bounds of intended design and operation. (The example shown in Table 4.10 does not indicate the possible causes for each deviation.) Examples of other deviations that are typically encountered in reactive systems involving intentional chemistry include ... 

The need for solvation in anionic polymerization manifests itself in some instances by other deviations from the normal reaction rate expressions. Thus the butyllithium polymerization of methyl methacrylate in toluene at — 60°C shows a second-order dependence of Rp on monomer concentration [L Abbe and Smets, 1967]. In the nonpolar toulene, monomer is involved in solvating the propagating species [Busson and Van Beylen, 1978]. When polymerization is carried out in the mixed solvent dioxane-toluene (a more polar solvent than toluene), the normal first-order dependence of Rp on [M] is observed. The lithium diethylamide, LiN(C2H5)2, polymerization of styrene at 25°C in THF-benzene similarly shows an increased order of dependence of Rp on [M] as the amount of tetrahydrofuran is decreased [Hurley and Tait, 1976]. 

Other deviations and limitations are expected from the use of the Poisson-Boltzmann approach, two of which are... 

This protocol is adapted for analysis of proteins with pi > 8. The other deviations from SDS-PAGE are described in Protocol 2.1.8. 

This type of dinuclear unit has been reported elsewhere and has been characterized with bis-2-pyridyl-pyrazine or quinoxaline both in Cu [31] and in Ag [32] compounds. However, until now such units have not been used as building blocks (loops) in the construction of coordination polymers, an aspect that is discussed below. Each ligand acts in a bidentate manner with one metal center and as a monodentate system with the other. The two rings that are coordinated to the same metal center are nearly coplanar but the other deviates clearly from this plane. In this way, the structure if this dinuclear unit is very well adapted to the preferred conformation of the free ligand. The relative disposition of the ligands allows the existence of face-to-face n-jt-stacking interactions between the quinoxaline and... 

Certain crystals have been found to give intensity distribution curves which do not fit either the theoretical centrosymmetric or non-centro-symmetric types. In some crystals composed of centrosymmetric molecules, the centres of symmetry of the molecules are not utilized in the crystal arrangement, but the molecules are associated in pairs related centrosymmetrically to each other. The intensity distribution curves of these crystals lie above the centrosymmetric curve they have been called hypercentric. Other deviations from normal distributions rnav occur, and may be informative on molecular symmetry or arrangement (Lipson and Woolfson, 1952). 

Interpretation of temperature effects, however, remained uncertain. With polypeptides in particular the effect of a change in temperature was unpredictable. Certain ones followed rather closely the Stokes-Einstein relationship for free diffusion others deviated strongly. It was... 

Surfaces are usually not perfectly homogeneous. Different crystal faces are exposed, defects and other deviations from the perfect lattice are present. Often there are different types of molecules as in steel (e.g. Fe, C, Ni, Co) or in glass (e.g. Si02, B, Na, K) and their concentrations on the surface might vary locally. 

From Fig. 5.19, it appears that the hydrogen peroxide concentrations obtained by means of the sensor system and through titration correspond relatively well with each other (deviations always <10%), and that the system qualifies both to measure the hydrogen peroxide concentration and to control it. To illustrate, Fig. 5.19 also shows the hydrogen peroxide concentrations obtained by means of strips (Merck), which are frequently used in the paper industry. It is clear that the strips are rather inaccurate, compared with the results obtained with the sensor system. 

These are captured in a prompt list illustrated in Table 2, along with some common other deviations. This is NOT a check list, and each deviation must be brainstormed or closely examined to search for ideas on causes, consequences and other possible situations arising. 

The lifetime (Ti) of a vibrational mode in a polyatomic molecule dissolved in a polyatomic solvent is, at least in part, determined by the interactions of the internal degrees of freedom of the solute with the solvent. Therefore, the physical state of the solvent plays a large role in the mechanism and rate of VER. Relaxation in the gas phase, which tends to be slow and dominated by isolated binary collisions, has been studied extensively (11). More recently, with the advent of ultrafast lasers, vibrational lifetimes have been measured for liquid systems (1,4). In liquids, a solute molecule is constantly interacting with a large number of solvent molecules. Nonetheless, some systems have been adequately described by isolated binary collision models (5,12,13), while others deviate strongly from this type of behavior (14-18). The temperature dependence of VER of polyatomic molecules in liquid solvents can show complex behavior (16-18). It has been pointed out that a change in temperature of a liquid solute-solvent system also results in a change in the solvent s density. Therefore, it is difficult to separate the influences of density and temperature from an observed temperature dependence. 

When evaluating the results of these measurements one has to remember that a property of the particles (light scattering or the velocity of sedimentation) is determined. With models relying on a number of assumptions (for example that all particles are spherical) and further input (for example the complex index of refraction or the density) the particle size distribution is calculated in the final step. Applying the results of the measurement this and other deviations from the model have to be taken into account. Different measurement techniques usually result in different results for the measurements of particle size distributions. 

This volume of 22.42 liters is called the molar volume of an ideal gas. The measured molar volumes of several gases are listed in Table 5.2. Note that the molar volumes of some of the gases are very close to the ideal value, but others deviate significantly. Later in this chapter we will discuss some of the reasons for the deviations. 

One of them, that which comes from crystals of the double salt hemi-hedral to the right, deviates to the right, and is identical with ordinary tartaric acid. The other deviates to the left, like the salt which furnishes it. The deviation of the plane of polarisation produced by these two adds is rigorously the same in absolute value. The right acid follows special laws in its deviation, which no other active substance had exhibited. The left add exhibits them, in the opposite sense, in the most faithful manner, leaving no suspidon of the slightest difference. 

---