Thorium nitrates

The most popular device for fluoride analysis is the ion-selective electrode (see Electro analytical techniques). Analysis usiag the electrode is rapid and this is especially useful for dilute solutions and water analysis. Because the electrode responds only to free fluoride ion, care must be taken to convert complexed fluoride ions to free fluoride to obtain the total fluoride value (8). The fluoride electrode also can be used as an end poiat detector ia titration of fluoride usiag lanthanum nitrate [10099-59-9]. Often volumetric analysis by titration with thorium nitrate [13823-29-5] or lanthanum nitrate is the method of choice. The fluoride is preferably steam distilled from perchloric or sulfuric acid to prevent iaterference (9,10). Fusion with a sodium carbonate—sodium hydroxide mixture or sodium maybe required if the samples are covalent or iasoluble. 

For many years fluorine has been deterrnined by the Willard-Winters method in which finely ground ore, after removal of organic matter, is distilled with 72% perchloric acid in glass apparatus. The distillate, a dilute solution of fluorosiUcic acid, is made alkaline to release fluoride ion, adjusted with monochloroacetic acid at pH 3.4, and titrated with thorium nitrate, using sodium a1i2arine sulfonate as indicator. 

Oxo Ion Salts. Salts of 0x0 ions, eg, nitrate, sulfate, perchlorate, hydroxide, iodate, phosphate, and oxalate, are readily obtained from aqueous solution. Thorium nitrate is readily formed by dissolution of thorium hydroxide in nitric acid from which, depending on the pH of solution, crystalline Th(N02)4 5H20 [33088-17 ] or Th(N02)4 4H20 [33088-16-3] can be obtained (23). Thorium nitrate is very soluble in water and in a host of oxygen-containing organic solvents, including alcohols, ethers, esters, and ketones. Hydrated thorium sulfate, Th(S0 2 H20, where n = 9, 8, 6, or 4, is... 

For the production of lamp-filament wire, aluminum, potassium, and siHcon dopants are added to the blue oxide. Some dopants are trapped in the tungsten particles upon reduction. Excess dopants are then removed by washing the powder in hydroflouric acid. Eor welding electrodes and some other appHcations, thorium nitrate is added to the blue oxide. After reduction, the thorium is present as a finely dispersed thorium oxide. 

Thorium oxide on activated carbon was prepared by absorption of thorium nitrate from its solution in anhydrous acetone on the activated carbon Supersorbon. The excess solution was decanted, the catalyst was dried at 80 °C, and the adsorbed thorium oxide was decomposed by excess 5% ammonium hydroxide solution. After repeated washing and decanta-nation with distilled water and acetone, the catalyst was dried at 180°C. It was then stabilized by heating to 360°C for 5 hr in a stream of nitrogen. The content of thorium oxide was 2.9% (wt.). The BET surface area was 870 m2/g. Prior to kinetic measurements, the catalyst was modified by passing over acetic acid vapors (100 g acid/1 g catalyst). 

Thorium metal, 24 759-761 in alloys, 24 760-761 preparation of, 24 759-760 properties of, 24 760-761 reactions of, 24 761 Thorium nitrate, 24 757, 766 Thorium oxalates, 24 768-769 Thorium oxide, 21 491 Thorium oxides, 24 757, 761-762 Thorium oxyhalides, 24 762 Thorium perchlorate, 24 764 Thorium phosphates, 24 765-766 Thorium pnictides, 24 761 Thorium sulfate, 24 764 Thorium-uranium fuel cycle, 24 758-759 Thorocene, 24 772 Thorotrast, 24 775-776 3A zeolite. See Zeolite 3A Three-boiling beet sugar crystallization scheme, 23 463-465 Three-color photography, 19 233-234 3D models, advantages of, 19 520-521 3D physical design software, 19 519-521 3D QSAR models, 10 333. See also QSAR analysis... 

Upon coordination via oxygen, as in uranyl sulfoxide complexes and thorium nitrate sulfoxide complexes, the positive charge on sulfur is virtually unaltered (19), whereas coordination via sulfur, as in palla-dium(II) sulfoxide complexes, causes an increase in the positive charge, as a result of transfer of electron density from the sulfur atom to the metal center (19, 373). 

Standardization of thorium nitrate solution using A.R. sodium fluoride 211... 

The yield of radioactive D.F.P. from 32P is necessarily small on the semi-micro scale (p. 75) it is better therefore to titrate the fluoride (obtained after the decomposition of D.F.P.) with thorium nitrate, sodium alizarin sulphonate being used as indicator.2 It is necessary, however, first of all, to remove the fluoride by distillation (p. 211). This method gives an accuracy of +1 per cent with 50 mg. of D.F.P. This degree of accuracy on a semi-micro scale3 may be considered fairly satisfactory. 

The fluoride solution is diluted to 100 ml. with water, 8 drops of the indicator are added and the pink coloration just removed with 1/200 hydrochloric acid solution. Then 1 ml. of the monochloroacetate buffer solution is added and the solution is titrated with the thorium nitrate solu -tion to a faint pink coloration. This may be seen more easily by allowing the precipitate of thorium fluoride to settle, when the pink coloration collects at the bottom of the beaker. It is essential to use either bright sunlight or mercury vapour illumination, otherwise the end-point is indistinct. 

Standardization. A JR. sodium fluoride (25 mg.) was dissolved in water and the solution titrated with thorium nitrate. 

Willard, H. H. and Winter, O. B. (1953). Volumetric method for determination of fluorine using thorium nitrate. Industr. Engng Chem. (Anal, ed.), 5, 7. 

Yaffe, L. Solubility of Uranyl Nitrate Hexahydrate and Thorium Nitrate... 

In the system Th(N03)4-HN03 H20, five thorium(iv) nitrate hydrates, previously unknown, have been identifiedfrom some of the solutions H2Th(N03)g,3H20 was obtained, which probably contains either H30 or H5O," or both, stabilized by [Th(N03)g]. Raman spectral data obtained from thorium nitrate solutions could be interpreted in terms of an equilibrium between complexed and free NO . 

Robins, R.G. (1967) Hydrothermal precipitation in solutions of thorium nitrate, ferric nitrate, and aluminium nitrate. J. inorg. nud. Chem. 29 431-435... 

No compound-related mortality was found in mice exposed to 114-330 mg/m (12.54-36.3 nCi/m = 464-1343 Bq/m ) thorium nitrate intermittently for 18 weeks (Patrick and Cross 1948). No compound-related mortality was found in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, or dogs exposed intermittently for 1 year to 5 mg thorium/m (0.550 nCi/m = 20 Bq/m as thorium dioxide (Hodge et al. 1960). These NOAEL values are reported in Table 2-1 and plotted in Figure 2-1. 

Gn Pig = guinea pig Hemato = hematological LOAEL = lowest-observed-adverse-effect level Musc/skel = muscular/skeletal NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level RBC = red blood cell Resp = respiratory TF4 = thorium tetraf1uoride ThN03 = thorium nitrate Th02 = thorium dioxide. 

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