Organic agents

In the rat, amiodarone (175 mg per kg body weight X day for 3 weeks) increased the number of lamellar bodies in type II pneumocytes (Padmava-THY et al. 1993). 

After intratracheal administration of amiodarone (1.83 jumol/day of days 0 and 2) or an equivalent volume (0.4 ml) of distilled water to male Fischer 344 rats. Northern and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that lung transforming growth factor (TGF)-pi (mRNA and protein) expression was increased 1.5- to 1.8-fold relative to control during the early inflammation period and 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks post amiodarone treatment (Chung et al. 2001). Lung c-jun protein was increased 3.3-fold relative to control. 

In 14-day bleomycin (1.5 mg in sterile sahne i.p. daily)-treated rats (205 6 g body weight) type 2 alveolar epithelial cells were swollen with enlarged lamellar inclusion bodies (Karam et al. 1998). Biochemical study of freshly isolated cells displayed a significant decrease of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) released by these cells when isolated from 14-day-treated rats as compared with 7-day. By contrast, bleomycin induced an increase in superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities. Cell content of glutathione was decreased and y-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was markedly increased. 

A phase of epithelial cell proliferation, as measured by labelled nuclei in autoradiographs, was coincident with peak basement membrane degradative activity in Sprague-Dawley rats 2 weeks after intratracheal bleomycin (Bakowska and Adams 1998). 

Double intratracheal instillation of keratinocyte growth (150 factor at 48 h before and 24 h 

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Chagas disease is caused by a kinetoplastid trypanosoma parasite and affects millions of people in Latin America. The disease is currently incurable. Chemotherapy is based mainly on nitrofuran and nitroimidazole compounds and sterol biosynthesis inhibitors such as ketoconazole (337). Toxicity and high doses are the major problems for these organic drugs. Urbina et al. (338, 339) have found that com-plexation of antiparasitic organic agents such as chloroquine (78)... 

Figure 6. Dissolution of 5pM Y-FeOOH on photolysis of a) pH 4.0, and b) pH 6.5 solutions containing either 10-1 M citrate, 10 mg/L aquatic fulvic acids, or no added organic agent. Light source simulated solar spectrum of total intensity 300 pEinsteins cm- min-1. (Reproduced from Ref. 32. Copyright 1985, American Chemical Society.)...

The silver halide solvent, sulfite ion, is always present in practical developing solutions which employ organic agents. The conventional solutions contain up to 100 g. sodium sulfite per liter. The action of the sulfite is manifold. It is added primarily to decrease the rate of loss of developing agent by aerial oxidation and to prevent the accumulation of quinone or quinonelike oxidation products of the developing agents, A third phase of its activity, the solvent action, is well-known but the extent to which it can alter the nature of the development process under proper conditions is often overlooked. 

MERR1FIELD. R. BRUCE (I92I-). An American ehemisi who won (he Nobel prize for chemistry in 1984 Merrilield was cited lor work on the use of solid matrix as an aid to chemical synthesis of complex pepiides and proteins Mis synthesis leehniques have been used in Ihe development of solid matrix-bound inorganic and organic agents. Awarded doctorate from l. C.l. A... 

Use of Chelants. This method of water treatment has become popular in recent years with industrial boiler operators. These organic agents react with the residual divalent metal ions, calcium, magnesium and iron, in the feedwater to form soluble complexes. The resultant soluble complexes arc removed through continuous blowdown. This method of treatment has been used in boilers operating as high as 1500 psi (102 atm) although present B W recommendations limit its use to units below 1000 psi (68 atm). 

The O2 also could react with an organic agent such as gelatin or some emulsion additive to extract a hydrogen atom, forming hydrogen peroxide (84)... 

ALKALOID Any organic agent isolated from plants that contains nitrogen and reacts with an acid to form a salt. 

Yamanaka et al. [37] described the influence of bioactive organic agents such as nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol (antibiotics) as well as dithio-threitol (a reducing reagent) as additives to the BC culture medium. In this case, not only the crystallization of the fibers and the material properties are influenced but the Gluconacetobacter cells are themselves also changed. 

All zeolites need to be thermally pretreated prior to their use as catalysts in order to remove the sorbed water. General information on this subject is available. Zeolites normally have a remarkable thermal stability (up to 875 K or more). The latter decreases, however, with increasing Al content and for larger-pore-size materials. In addition, for materials prepared in the presence of an organic agent, a calcination step is needed to remove the occluded organic species. 

We have synthesized VPI-5 with a variety of organic agents such as amines and quaternary ammonium cations. The synthesis procedure depends upon the type of organic agent and we will illustrate an "amine" synthesis with DPA and a "quat." synthesis with TBA. Table I lists reproducible procedures. We have provided an example of a "small" scale synthesis (DPA) and a fairly "large" scale synthesis (TBA) to show that these procedures can be scaled-up. Below we discuss the essential details of these two procedures. VPI-5 that has been crystallized with the use of DPA and TBA will be denoted DPA-VPI-5 and TBA-VPI-5, respectively. 

Infection with the bacterium H. pylori is associated with ulcer development. Treatment of peptic ulcers may involve a course of antibiotics to eradicate this organism. Agents such as H2 (histamine) antagonists, for example ranitidine, and proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, are also used to heal peptic ulcers. 

Bernier GA, Kambour RP (1968) The role of organic agents in the stress crazing and cracking of poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide). Macromolecules l(5) 393-400... 

As the water oxidation reaction (13) is a very slow four-electron process, metal reductive transformation can be generally improved by addition of sacrificial organic agents (Prairie and Stange, 1993 Prairie et al., 1993a). The process can be improved even more if a strong reducing species is formed... 

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