Lamellar bodies

Shelley, S.A., Paciga, J.E., and Balis, J.U., Lysozyme is an ozone-sensitive component of alveolar type II cell lamellar bodies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1096, 4, 338, 1991. 

Blumcke WD, Kessler HR, Niedorf NH, Veith FJ. Ultrastructure of lamellar bodies of type II Pneumocytes after osmium-zinc impregnation. J Ultrastruct Res 1973 42 417-433. 

L-2 cells (ATCC HTB-149) have been isolated by clonal culture techniques from the adult rat lung. These cells appear to retain differentiated functions that are present in ATII cells of intact rat lungs. L-2 cells are diploid, epithelial cells. They contain osmiophilic lamellar bodies in their cytoplasm and synthesise lecithin by the same de novo pathways as in a whole lung [78], It is not known if L-2 cells are capable to form confluent and electrically tight monolayers. L-2 cells have not been systematically investigated regarding their suitability as a model for absorption studies. 

Ryan US, Ryan JW, Smith DS (1975) Alveolar type II cells studies on the mode of release of lamellar bodies. Tissue Cell 7(3) 587-599... 

Mulugeta S, Gray JM, Notarfrancesco KL, Gonzales LW, Koval M, Feinstein SI, Ballard PL, Fisher AB, Shuman H (2002) Identification of LBM180, a lamellar body limiting membrane protein of alveolar type II cells, as the ABC transporter protein ABC A3. J Biol Chem 277(25) 22147-22155... 

The positively charged amino acids promote the interaction between the peptide and the negatively charged head groups of the phosphatidylgly-cerol (123-125). The purpose of this particular property has been proposed to facilitate the transition of surfactant phospholipid membranes from the lamellar body to the alveolar spaces (123). 

The most superficial layer of skin is the stratum comeum (SC), which consists of terminally differentiated keratinocytes (comeocytes) that originate from actively proliferating keratinocytes in lower epidermis (basale, spinosum, and granulosum cells), and contain a lamellar lipid layer secreted from lamellar bodies (Fig. 7a). Flydration of the SC is an important determinant of skin appearance and physical properties, and depends on a number of factors including the external humidity, and its structure, lipid/protein composition, barrier properties, and concentration of water-retaining osmolytes (natural moisturizing factors, NMFs) including free amino acids, ions, and other small solutes. 

The stratum granulosum is the most superficial cell layer of the viable epidermis and contains highly differentiated keratinocytes. The lamellar bodies, which have been formed in the stratum spinosum, migrate to the apical periphery of the uppermost granular cells and eventually fuse with the membrane of the keratinocyte. Via exocytosis their content is extruded into the intercellular spaces at the stratum granulosum-stratum corneum interface. The lipids derived from the lamellar bodies are essential for the formation of the stratum corneum barrier. 

The lipid composition changes dramatically during terminal differentiation. After extrusion from the lamellar bodies, the polar lipid precursors are enzymatically converted into more hydrophobic lipids. As a result, phospholipids are almost absent in the stratum corneum. The lipid lamellae surrounding the corneocytes are predominantly composed of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. It is generally assumed that these lipids are present in nearly equimolar ratios. However, inspection of literature data shows that there is a high interindividual variability in the lipid composition [37],... 

The stratum spinosum layer contains abundant desmosomes, lipid lamellar bodies (Odland bodies), keratinosomes, and membrane-coating granules (MCGs). Lipid lamellar bodies are parallel stacks of polar lipid-enriched disks enclosed in a trilaminar membrane.48 The lamellar bodies also contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of converting polar lipids such as glycolipids and phospholipids to nonpolar products such as ceramides and free fatty acids, respectively.46,49... 

S.N. Bhattacharyya, M.A. Passero, R.P. DiAugustine and W.S. Lynn, Isolation and characterization of two hydroxyproline-containing glycoproteins from normal animal lung lavage and lamellar bodies, J. Clin. Invest. 55 (1975) 914-920. 

Fartasch, M., Bassuskas, I.D., and Diepgen, T.L., Structural relationship between epidermal lipid lamellae, lamellar bodies and desmosomes in humans epidermis an unltrastructural study, Br. J. Dermatol.,... 

Grayson, S., Johnson-Winegar, A.G., Wintraub, B.U., Isseroff, R.R., Epstein, E.H., and Elias, P.M., Lamellar body-enriched fractions from neonatal mice preparative techniques and partial characterization, J. Invest. Dermatol., 85, 289, 1985. 

Menon, G.K., Price, L.F., Bommannan, B., Elias, P.M., and Feingold, K.R., Selective obliteration of the epidermal calcium gradient leads to enhanced lamellar body secretion, J. Invest. Dermatol. 102, 789-795, 1994. 

Results from enzymologic studies have suggested that SCCE has an extracellular localization in the stratum corneum.45 This has been corroborated by means of immunoelectron microscopy. With this method SCCE was found intracellularly in association with lamellar bodies in the stratum granulosum. In the transition between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum, SCCE is extruded to the extracellular space together with the lamellar bodies. In the stratum corneum specific labeling is found only in the extracellular space, often in association with corneodesmosomes.46... 

Sondell, B., Thomell, L.-E., and Egelrud, T., Evidence that stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme is transported to the stratum corneum extracellular space via lamellar bodies, J. Invest. Dermatol., 104, 819, 1995. 

Denda, M., Fuziwara, S., and Inoue, K. (2003) Influx of calcium and chloride ions into epidermal keratinocytes regulates exocytosis of epidermal lamellar bodies and skin permeability barrier homeostasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 121 362-367. 

We previously demonstrated that application of a negative electric potential on the skin surface affects the ion gradient in the epidermis and accelerates lamellar body secretion and skin barrier recovery.7... 

Denda, M. and Kumazawa, N., Negative electric potential induces epidermal lamellar body secretion and accelerates skin barrier recovery after barrier disruption. J. Invest. Dermatol. 118 65-72, 2002. 

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