Optical industry

MsNbjOFig compounds, in which M = K. or Rb, were investigated in greater detail and compared to other related fluoride compounds that contain tantalum or niobium, and are most promising for future practical application in the electronics and optics industries. 

In this book, the CVD applications are classified by product functions such as electrical, opto-electrical, optical, mechanical and chemical. This classification corresponds roughly to the various segments of industry such as the electronic industry, the optical industry, the tool industry, and the chemical industry. CVD applications are also classified by product forms such as coatings, powders, fibers, monoliths, and composites. 

Such sol-gel derived and ultraviolet (UV)-curable hybrids afford enhanced corrosion and mechanical protection of fibres compared to standard polymer coatings used by the fibre optics industry. These coatings are hard, transparent and impossible to strip since they become intimately bonded to the fibre surface during curing. 

Optical immunosensors, 3 803, 813 Optical industry, indium in, 14 195 Optical information storage markets, polycarbonate grades for, 19 809-810 Optical isomers, 6 72-73 Optical lens systems, in photography,... 

Minerals of economic importance within sedimentary formations include, hut are not limited to fluorite, barite, phosphorite, and oolitic hematite. Fluorite is utili/ed us a flux in steelniakiitg and when of high quality as lenses and prisms in the optical industry. Barite is an essential mineral used m gas- and oil-well drilling. Phosphorite, a product of chemical precipitation from seawater, when ircaled with sulfuric acid, produces superphosphate fertilizer, (.killtic hematite deposits of extensive size are important sources of iron ore. 

Fully amorphous polymers may be transparent, such as PVC, PMMA, PC and PS. They can, in principle, be applied in the optical industry for spectacles, simple photographic lenses etc. For precision optics they are less suited, since because of volume retardation as well as by the fact that they are often manufactured by injection moulding, they cannot meet the requirements of narrow dimension tolerances. Moreover, their low resistance to scratching is a disadvantage in optical applications. 

LaCroix M, Burckel H, Foussereau J, et al. 1976. Irritant dermatitis from diallylgylycol carbonate monomer in the optical industry. Cont Derma 2 183-195. 

Arkhe Planning is a subsidiary of Arkhe Group, an international developer and distributor of high quality pure titanium raw material and parts and accessories for the optical industry. 

Tantalum and niobium are added, in the form of carbides, to cemented carbide compositions used in the production of cutting tools. Pure oxides are widely used in the optical industry as additives and deposits, and in organic synthesis processes as catalysts and promoters [12, 13]. Binaiy and more complex oxide compounds based on tantalum and niobium form a huge family of ferroelectric materials that have high Curie temperatures, high dielectric permittivity, and piezoelectric, pyroelectric and non-linear optical properties [14-17]. Compounds of this class are used in the production of energy transformers, quantum electronics, piezoelectrics, acoustics, and so on. Two of... 

Polymer glasses are widely used in the optics industry as bulk and micro optical components. The most commonly used materials are polyacrylates, polycarbonates, and polystyrenes. Low optical losses are found with these materials due to their amorphous nature. Crystalline regions in a material will cause scattering, thus reducing the optical quality. 

There are several uses of thallium in the optical industry. For example, mixed TlBr-TlI crystals may be used as optical elements for IR applications. Thallium is also added in small amounts to glass to increase the density and refractive index. For example, patents have been filed for thalhum-containing glasses for use as sealants or coatings for semiconductor elements. 

Optical glasses are used in optical devices and instruments, and are characterized by specified and precisely maintained values of refractive index and dispersion. The other main properties required are high chemical and physical homogeneity, colourlessness and a high optical transmissivity. The optical industry has at its disposal hundreds of types of optical glasses, but only a limited number suffice to meet current requirements. 

These solvent-free, so-called PI, adhesives are used to join PC, PMMA, PET, PS, PVC, and glass, whereby at least one component must be transparent, so that the composites usually comprise plastic-plastic, glass-plastic and plastic-metal combinations (optics industry, microelectronics). In exceptional cases (fixation of structural components on nontransparent carriers), it is also possible to cure a surrounding strip of adhesive directly. 

There exist also many non-luminescent phenomena driven by light with ephemeral photo-active states that are of technological importance in the electrical or optical industry. In particular, transitions between conductor and insulator in molecular species are of enormous interest in solid-state physics. These phenomena, which occur typically on a timescale of order fs to ns, are led inherently by structural alteration that results from perturbations through transfer of electronic charge in a molecule. Non-linear optical phenomena (see, for example, Figure 2-2) occur on similar time scales, and are governed by molecular charge transfer it is desirable to comprehend fully their structural manifestations in situ. 

Wada, H., Okuda, E., Yamasaki, T., in 4th Internatiorud Cotference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Tbkyo, Proceedings of OFS86 Tokyo Optics Industry Technical Developments Association, 1986, pp. 109-112. 

Azakawa, Y., Fukunaga, H., Inaba, H.,ia 4 th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Tokyo, Proceedings of OFS 86 Tokyo Optics Industry Technical Develpment Association, 1986, pp. 135-138. 

Solids evaporated and then condensed onto cool surfaces usually do not crystallise and are said to be in an amorphous state. Amorphous coatings of this type are widely used in the electronics and optics industries. Such compounds will generally transform into a crystalline state if sufficient energy is supplied to allow crystallisation to occur. 

M. Ohtsu, Technology Roadmap for Information Storage (Optical Industry Technology Development Association, Tokyo, 2006), pp. 35-78... 

There is a widespread application of germanium, although in small quantities (1000 tons/year), in the electronics industry, in the preparation of alloys, in the optical industry, as a catalyst, and in medical imaging devices. It is mainly obtained from flue dusts of zinc smelters or as a byproduct from the combustion of certain coals [7]. 

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