Linear optics

Mukamel S 1995 Prf/rc/p/es of Non-linear Optical Spectroscopy (New York Oxford University Press)... 

A good introduction to the use of coherent optical teclmiques and their use to probe molecular spectra. Shen Y R 1984 The Principles of Non-linear Optics (New York Wiley)... 

We now embark on a more fonnal description of nonlinear optical phenomena. A natural starting point for this discussion is the set of Maxwell equations, which are just as valid for nonlinear optics as for linear optics. 

If we consider the optical response of a molecular monolayer of increasing surface density, the fomi of equation B 1.5.43 is justified in the limit of relatively low density where local-field interactions between the adsorbed species may be neglected. It is difficult to produce any rule for the range of validity of this approximation, as it depends strongly on the system under study, as well as on the desired level of accuracy for the measurement. The relevant corrections, which may be viewed as analogous to the Clausius-Mossotti corrections in linear optics, have been the... 

McGlip J F 1990 Epioptics linear and non-linear optical spectroscopy of surfaces and interfaces J. Phys. Condens Matter 2 7985-8006... 

Furtlier details of PDLCs can be found in tire excellent monograph by Drzaic [121]. A review of tire non-linear optical properties of PDLCs has also been presented [1241. 

This section will outline the simplest models for the spectra of both metal and semiconductor nanocrystals. The work described here has illustrated that, in order to achieve quantitative agreement between theory and experiment, a more detailed view of the molecular character of clusters must be incoriDorated. The nature and bonding of the surface, in particular, is often of crucial importance in modelling nanocrystal optical properties. Wlrile this section addresses the linear optical properties of nanocrystals, both nonlinear optical properties and the photophysics of these systems are also of great interest. The reader is referred to the many excellent review articles for more in-depth discussions of these and other aspects of nanocrystal optical properties [147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 and 1541. 

The electromagnetic field of a light beam produces an electrical polari2ation vector in the material through which it passes. In ordinary optics, which may be termed linear optics, the polari2ation vector is proportional to the electric field vector E. However, the polari2ation can be expanded in an infinite series ... 

R. A. Haim and D. Bloor, eds.. Organic Materials for Non-linear Optics II, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 1991. 

Optics Electrochromic displays, optical filters (windows with adjustable transparency), materials with non-linear optical properties... 

Unlike linear optical effects such as absorption, reflection, and scattering, second order non-linear optical effects are inherently specific for surfaces and interfaces. These effects, namely second harmonic generation (SHG) and sum frequency generation (SFG), are dipole-forbidden in the bulk of centrosymmetric media. In the investigation of isotropic phases such as liquids, gases, and amorphous solids, in particular, signals arise exclusively from the surface or interface region, where the symmetry is disrupted. Non-linear optics are applicable in-situ without the need for a vacuum, and the time response is rapid. 

A concise survey of where the broad domain of optical information processing had got to a few years ago is in a book issued by the European Commission (Kotte et al. 1989), while a good overview of non-linear optical materials is by Bloor (1994). 

There is a growing interest in the non-linear optical (NLO) properties of organic materials. Organic and polymeric materials with large non-linear optical coefficients can be used in principle in optoelectronic and photonic devices, and a great deal of research effort has been expended in efforts to design new compounds with optimal NLO properties. 

Tantalum and niobium are added, in the form of carbides, to cemented carbide compositions used in the production of cutting tools. Pure oxides are widely used in the optical industiy as additives and deposits, and in organic synthesis processes as catalysts and promoters [12, 13]. Binary and more complex oxide compounds based on tantalum and niobium form a huge family of ferroelectric materials that have high Curie temperatures, high dielectric permittivity, and piezoelectric, pyroelectric and non-linear optical properties [14-17]. Compounds of this class are used in the production of energy transformers, quantum electronics, piezoelectrics, acoustics, and so on. Two of... 

Spontaneous polarization and non-linear optical effect in niobium and tantalum fluoride compounds... 

The index of refraction in a non-linear optical material can be written ... 

A.J. Hceger, D. Moses, M. Sinclair, Semiconducting polymers fast response non-linear optical materials, Synth. Met., 1986. 15, 95. 

The benzannulation reaction of ethynylferrocene 120 with the diterpenoid chromium alkoxycarbene 119 leads to novel diterpenoid ferrocenyl quinones 121 which, due to their electron-transfer properties, are regarded as potential candidates for non-linear optical materials [71] (Scheme 52). 

Wudl F, Ikenoue Y, Patil AO in Ulrich D, Prassad PN (eds) Non-linear Optical and Electroactive Polymers, Plenum Press, New York, in press... 

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