Opiates comparison

TABLE 1. Comparison of actions of stereoisomer pairs of opiates" "sigma... 

Berry, S.C. Dawkins, S.L. and Lodge, D. Comparison of o-- and K -Opiate receptor ligands as excitatory amino acid antagonists. r J. Pharmacol 83 179-185, 1984b. 

Leventer, S.M., and Johnson, K.M. Phencyclidine-induced inhibition of striatal acetylcholine release Comparisons with mu, kappa, and sigma opiate agonists. I i f e Sci 34 793-801, 1984. 

The main objective of this experiment was to demonstrate that a peptide lead compound could be used in rational design of a non-peptide library. One of the natural opiates, met-enkephalin, is used as a hypothetical lead compound. The averaged frequency distribution based on four SA runs is obtained (data not shown). Based on this result, 03 had the highest frequency, and the frequencies of A4, Dll, D13, D14, D16, D2, D3, D5, and D9 are also above random expectation. Apparently, 03 appeared in all the reported active peptoids with opioid activity (cf. Table 1). Comparison of the structure of met-enkephalin (Fig. 5) with 03 indicated that 03 is similar to the side chain of tyrosine, which is the N-terminal residue of met-enkephalin. Among other building blocks found more frequently than random expectation, A4, D3, and D13 are present in the reported opioid peptoids (cf. Table 1). Thus, the SA sampling correctly identified four... 

As mentioned earlier in the chapter, in the UK lofexidine is far more frequently selected in opiate detoxification than clonidine because of its better safety for outpatients, and a large comparative study of this and buprenorphine was carried out by Raistrick et al. (2005). Two hundred and ten patients were randomized, and the same comparisons in standard drug misuse outcomes and satisfaction measures were also studied in 271 individuals who did not wish to be in the randomized study. Many outcomes were similar with the two medications, but 65% of buprenorphine patients completed detoxification against 46% of those on lofexidine. That study was an example of one which included a follow-up to see whether patients had been abstinent after detoxification, with this being the case at the measurement point of one month for 38% of lofexidine completers and 46% with buprenorphine. This important aspect of whether successful detoxification does indeed lead to further abstinence has attracted attention in several buprenorphine studies, as reviewed by Horspool et al. (2008). Across five qualifying studies, they found detoxification completion rates of 65 to 100%, but low rates of abstinence at follow-up points, with more patients having returned to opioid maintenance than had complied with naltrexone. 

Metrebian N, Shanahan W, Stimson GV et al. (2001). Prescribing drug of choice to opiate dependent drug users a comparison of clients receiving heroin with those receiving injectable methadone at a West London drug clinic. Drug and Alcohol Review, 20, 267-76... 

Raistrick D, West D, Finnegan O, Thistlethwaite G, Brearley R Banbery J (2005). A comparison of buprenorphine and lofexidine for community opiate detoxification results from a randomized controlled trial. Addiction, 100, 1860-7... 

Scott R (1990). The prevention of convulsions during benzodiazepine withdrawals. British Journal of General Practice, 40, 261 Seifert J, Metzner C, Paetzold W, Borsutzky M, Ohlmeier M, Passie T, Hauser U, Becker H, Wiese B, Emrich HM Schneider U (2005). Mood and affect during detoxification of opiate addicts a comparison of buprenorphine versus methadone. Addiction Biology, 10, 157-64... 

Gonzalez G, Oliveto A, Kosten TR. Combating opiate dependence a comparison among the available pharmacological options. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 5 713-725. 

Royston MC, Slater P, Simpson MD, Deakin JF. 1991. Analysis of laminar distribution of kappa opiate receptor in human cortex Comparison between schizophrenia and normal. J Neurosci Methods 36 145-153. 

Comparison of SFE with Other Extraction Techniques for Opiates in Hair Concentrations (ng/mg) in Hair and Coefficients of Variation (CV %)... 

Table 6 shows a comparison of opiate concentrations in hair, together with coefficient variations obtained by SFE and by other extraction techniques. It can be seen that methanolic extraction gives good results with the exception of morphine, where the extraction yield appears poor ( 60% of the amounts obtained by SFE). This could be a result of the polar nature of morphine, which must be more solidly fixed on the matrix. Acid hydrolysis and basic hydrolysis are of little interest, because 6-MAM, which is effectively found in high quantities in hair, is destroyed during the procedure and is partially transformed into morphine. 

Interlaboratory comparisons have been organized for opiates and cocaine determination in hair.2 Recently, the first interlaboratory comparison was organized between a Spanish laboratory and a French laboratory. Ten identical samples were analyzed in both laboratories using their respective procedures. - For an identical sample tested, the concentrations determined varied from 2 to 43% (mean 25.7%) and from 0 to 73.7% (mean 36.8%) for TFIC and THC-COOH, respectively, showing good accuracy between the two different procedures used. 

The validity of these theoretically determined cutoff levels was evaluated by the various field studies described below. In some of these this involved comparing the results of hair analysis to those of urinalysis and self-reports. In the case of cocaine and morphine the validation of endogenous cutoff levels involved also the controlled administration of these substances. - With morphine this was done with poppy seed and involved a comparison of hair and urine results. These experiments clearly demonstrated the greater effectiveness of the endogenous cutoff levels used by hair analysis, for all attempts to exceed the opiate cutoff level of hair analysis by the massive ingestion of poppy seeds failed. In contrast to this, the cutoff level of urinalysis was exceeded by wide margins. That this particular problem of urinalysis is not unique to poppy seeds has been demonstrated experimentally by Baselt and Change in the case of cocaine. 

In 1988, Magura et al. initiated a second study for the validation of hair analysis in the criminal justice system. Attempts were made to improve the conditions under which this comparison was performed. The most important difference consisted in operationally removing the study from the adverse consequences of the criminal justice system, i.e., the participants clearly understood that the results of urinalysis, self-reports, and hair analysis could have no adverse consequences. The sensitivities of the urine tests were also improved opiate and cocaine results were compared at urinalysis cutoffs of 300 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL, respectively. 

Axillary and pubic hair are the nonhead hair specimens which have been the more investigated in comparison with scalp hair in drug analyses. Studies dealt mainly with opiates and subsidiarily with cocaine, cannabis, and other drugs. 

Having identified the materials as potentially containing opiates, the next phase in the analysis is to confirm the identity of which opiates are present and, where necessary, to carry ont a comparison of samples. In order to identify which drugs are contained in a sample, without employing expensive instrumental techniques, thin layer chromatography can often be used. 

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