Fixed solids

A useful simphfication of the total energy equation applies to a particular set of assumptions. These are a control volume with fixed solid boundaries, except for those producing shaft work, steady state conditions, and mass flow at a rate m through a single planar entrance and a single planar exit (Fig. 6-4), to whi(m the velocity vectors are perpendicular. As with Eq. (6-11), it is assumed that the stress vector tu is normal to the entrance and exit surfaces and may be approximated by the pressure p. The equivalent pressure, p + pgz, is assumed to be uniform across the entrance and exit. The average velocity at the entrance and exit surfaces is denoted by V. Subscripts 1 and 2 denote the entrance and exit, respectively. 

Adsorption Ratio (Kd)—The amount of a chemical adsorbed by a sediment or soil (i.e., the solid phase) divided by the amount of chemical in the solution phase, which is in equilibrium with the solid phase, at a fixed solid/solution ratio. It is generally expressed in micrograms of chemical sorbed per gram of soil or sediment. 

Ion-selective electrodes are membrane systems used as potentiometric sensors for various ions. In contrast to ion-exchanger membranes, they contain a compact (homogeneous or heterogeneous) membrane with either fixed (solid or glassy) or mobile (liquid) ion-exchanger sites. 

Marginalin [96] 18 (Scheme 3), a yellow pigment from pygidial glands of Dytiscus marginalise was found to fix solidly on a variety of supports. When... 

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