Ontologic

What is addressed by these sources is the ontology of quantal description. Wave functions (and other related quantities, like Green functions or density matrices), far from being mere compendia or short-hand listings of observational data, obtained in the domain of real numbers, possess an actuality of tbeir own. From a knowledge of the wave functions for real values of the variables and by relying on their analytical behavior for complex values, new properties come to the open, in a way that one can perhaps view, echoing the quotations above, as miraculous. ... 

Building and explaining a complex model requires a unified view caUed an ontology. Methods of quahtative reasoning can be based on different viewpoints the dominant viewpoints are device, process, and constraints. Behavior generation is handled with two approaches ... 

The word ontology has a long history in philosophy, in which it refers to the study of being as such. In information science, an ontology is an explicit formal specification of how to represent the objects, concepts, and other entities that are assumed to exist in some area of interest and the relationships among them. 

What is the relevance of that knowledge to decision-makers Construction of specific ontologies or equivalent paradigms could represent better the know-how and know-what in environmental systems. 

Ceccaroni L, Cortes U, Sanchez-Marre M (2004) OntoWEDSS augmenting environmental decision-support systems with ontologies. Environ Modell Softw 19 785-797... 

Chi, M. T. H. (1992). Conceptual change within and across ontological categories Examples from learning and discovery in science. In R. N. Giere (Ed.), Cognitive models in science (pp. 129-186). Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press. 

What are the objections to these ideas The equivalence between students ideas and scientific conceptions had often been doubted. The main argument of many authors has been that both sides are incommensurable. Students conceptions with limited empirical foundation, often ad hoc formulated or post hoc reconstmcted by researchers, have a completely different ontological status to empirically based ideas that are carefully formulated and sharpened by debate among scientific peers. Gault (1991) sketches some cmcial differences as follows ... 

Research into so-called ontologies is also currently very active. Ontologies can be used to characterize the principal concepts in a particular discipline and how they relate one to another. Many people believe they are necessary if database annotation is to be made accessible to both people and software, but also in facilitating more effective and efficient data retrieval. The well-known Gene Ontology consortium, or GO, defines the term ontology as ... specifications of a relational vocabulary . In other words they are sets of defined terms like the sort that you would find in a dictionary, but the terms are networked. The terms in a given vocabulary are likely to be restricted to... 

The GO definition is quite distinct from other meanings of the word. A dictionary defines an ontology as ... 

Company Network Tools Disease Models Ontologies Systems Biology Collaborations... 

Gardner SP. Ontologies and semantic data integration. Drug Discov Today 2005 10 1001-7. 

Schuffenhauer A, Zimmermann J, Stoop R,van derVyver JJ, Lecchini S, Jacoby E. An ontology for pharmaceutical ligands and its application for in silico screening and library design. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 2002 42 947-55. 

The next steps consist of the extraction and normalization of terms from the zoned input document. To this end, we apply standard natural language processing techniques and normalize the extracted terms to their canonical form with string manipulations and morphological analysis. The former refers to the treatment of symbols (e.g., dashes), and the latter refers to variations of words due to inflection (e.g., plurals). These steps of information extraction rely on, and make extensive use of, our terminologies and ontologies. 

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