Ontology Basic Formal

Arp, R., Smith, B., Spear, AD. Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology, p. 248. MIT Press (2015). ISBN 978-0262527811... 

Smith, B. Basic Formal Ontology. Technical report. Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science, University of Leipzig (2003)... 

Basic formal Ontology (BFO), http / /www. ifomis. uni-Saarland, de/bfo... 

Introduction of XML formats was a very important step toward better intercomputer communication, but it is not a miraculous solution to all problems. Not every possible relation is easily expressed in XML (Wang et al. 2005), so specifications usually contain many implicit assumptions that are not properly formalized. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides a very powerful yet simple model for this formalization (Manola and Miller 2004). In this framework, any information is transformed to basic units called triplets that are combined to map the available information. This unifying mechanism can be used to express hierarchical vocabularies for domain knowledge description, as in RDF Schema (Brickley and Guha 2004) or its extension, Web Ontology Language (OWL) (Smith et al. 2004), both standardized by the W3C. 

Recently, the Black Swan metaphor (Taleb, 2007) has become known for a wider public, although well known in academia, e.g. in philosophy and formal logics. The Black Swan is an unexpected incident with a huge impact, which is understandable (coherent) in retrospect, hut was not (could not he) predicted. There is however the possihdity that decision makers do not want to see the Black Swan (it is often impossible to separate knowledge and power), hut there is also the possihUity that they can not see them due to ontological or epistemological biases. The basic hazards behind the financial crisis were actually well known and described by some, e.g. by LiUey et al. (2004 30). 

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