Olefin-derived plasticizer

Another very important property of plasticizers for PVC resins is the ability to act as a dispersing medium for polyvinyl chloride plastisols. The performance of the particular plasticizer in a plastisol application depends to a great extent on a property known as its viscosity stability. The stability of the plastisol to viscosity build up is the manifestation of the solvating effects of the plasticizer, and thus, those materials with higher solvating efficiency tend to display an increase in plastisol viscosity on standing. Figure 3 is the plot of the viscosity stability of PVC o-phthalate ester plastisol compositions and, in essence, compares the alcohol-derived plasticizers with that of the olefin-derived plasticizer. The data show that... 

Chem. Descrip. Syn. wax olefin-derived hydrocarbon polymer CAS m2-lA-2-, EINECS/ELINCS 232-315-6 Uses Paraffin wax modifier in polishes, industrial coatings, hot-melt inks, mold-release compds., plastic lubricants, and slip/antimar additives emollient, gloss aid, lubricant for cosmetics food pkg. adhesives, paper Features Hard, low-melting polymer with low melt vise. additive producing blends with paraffin which are harder and more opaque upgrades props, of lower-grade waxes... 

Polyolefins Plastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polybutylene (PB) that are derived from unsaturated hydrocarbons (also called olefins). 

FD-MS is also an effective analytical method for direct analysis of many rubber and plastic additives. Lattimer and Welch [113,114] showed that FD-MS gives excellent molecular ion spectra for a variety of polymer additives, including rubber accelerators (dithiocar-bamates, guanidines, benzothiazyl, and thiuram derivatives), antioxidants (hindered phenols, aromatic amines), p-phcnylenediamine-based antiozonants, processing oils and phthalate plasticisers. Alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants have been characterised by FD-MS [115]. Jack-son et al. [116] analysed some plastic additives (hindered phenol AOs and benzotriazole UVA) by FD-MS. Reaction products of a p-phenylenediaminc antiozonant and d.v-9-lricoscnc (a model olefin) were assessed by FD-MS [117],... 

The chemical uses for ethylene prior to World War II were limited, for the most part, to ethylene glycol and ethyl alcohol. After the war, the demand for styrene and polyethylene took off, stimulating ethylene production and olefin plant construction. Todays list of chemical applications for ethylene reads like the WTiat s What of petrochemicals polyethylene, ethylbenzene (a precursor to styrene), ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, alpha olefins, and linear alcohols are some of the more commercial derivatives of ethylene. The consumer products derived from these chemicals are found everywhere, from soap to construction materials to plastic products to synthetic motor oils. 

Another group of potentially large volume plastics that is under development are the polysulfone resins, made by the copolymerization of olefins such as 1-butene with sulfur dioxide 24). Both these feed stocks could be derived in abundant quantities and at relatively low costs from petroleum sources. The polysulfone resins are moldable thermoplastic polymers having physical properties that vary widely depending on the olefin from which they are prepared. They are considered to have excellent prospects for development to a large volume, low cost commercial plastic and may permit the entrance of plastic products into other fields in which they are now limited by the high cost and inadequate supply of present thermoplastic materials. 

A manufacturing precast for producing ortho-phthalate otters derived from alkyl acid ortho-phthalatos and olefins has boon developed and demonstrated on the pilot plant scale. Process variables Include choice of reactants, stoichiometry, reaction kinetics, recycle of recovered materials and the fate of the perchloric add catalyst. Seme physical properties of the ortho-phthalate esters have been determined and severed of the esters have been evaluated as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride. The composite data show that the acid-olefin esterification process provides commercially acceptable plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride. 

Antistatic agents - [ALKANOLAMINES - ALKANOLAMINES FROM OLEFIN OXIDES AND AMMONIA] (Vol 2) - [ALKANOLAMINES - ALKANOLAMINES FROM OLEFIN OXIDES AND AMMONIA] (Vol 2) - [AMINE OXIDES] (Vol 2) - [ANTISTATIC AGENTS] (Vol 3) - [AMINES-FATTY AMINES] (Vol 2) - [PHOSPHORUSCOMPOUNDS](Voll8) -castor oil derivatives as [CASTOR OIL] (Vol 5) -from polyammes pIAMINES AND HIGHER AMINES ALIPHATIC] (Vol 8) -in styrene plastics [STYRENE PLASTICS] (Vol 22) -for textiles [SUGAR ALCOHOLS] (Vol 23)... 

Lead tetraalkyl derivatives are used in catalytic systems to polymerise olefines, as catalysts of re-etherification and polycondensation, to speed up the alkylation of lateral chains of alkylbenzenes with ethylene and its derivatives. An addition of lead tetraalkyl derivatives (0.05-2% of alkylben-zene quantity) to catalysts of the liquid-phase oxidation of alkylbenzenes speeds up the oxidation. Tetraethyllead proved to be a good initiator for Diels-Alder reactions to join polymers with alkenylsiloxy chains and can be used as an additive to reduce the attrition and wear of rubbing metal parts. Tetrabutyllead is an active cross-linking agent for polyethylene and modifying agent for plastics. 

However, it is still qnestionable as to how far plastics pyrolysis can yield prodnct fractions, according to cnrrent specifications withont extensive post-pyrolysis purification. At Sapporo University, good olefin yields were obtained in the thermal cracking of oil, derived from the local plastics-to-oil plant. The Niigata oil is locally used in a diesel engine and not for sale ... 

Similar to petroleum-derived cracking the fractions from plastics pyrolysis can contain a significant concentration of unsaturated hydrocarbons (especially a-olefins) [9]. The mono- and diolefin content makes the diesel fuel prone to instability due to polymerization and the formation of deposits (i.e. gums). Since the plastic-derived diesel fuel has an appreciable olefins content it is important to subject it to a hydrogenation step (e.g. hydrogenation over PCI/AI2O3 at 300-320°C and 3 MPa H2) which lowers the bromine number from typical values of 22-28 g Br2/100 g to less than 0.5 g Br2/100 g [9]. 

Diesel fuel made from the thermal cracking of plastics is more susceptible to oxidation and polymerization than refinery-made diesel fuels. This is because plastic-derived diesel fuels generally have terminal unsaturation (i.e. double bonds) at the ends of the diesel chains as a result of the P-scission chain cleavage. Over time free radicals that form in the plastic-derived diesel fuels during storage cause the diesel chains with double bonds (a-olefins) to polymerize resulting in a sludgy sediment also known as gum . 

Hydrocarboxylation of the Ce-Cs a-olefins with cobaltcarbonyl/pyridine catalysts at 200 °C and 20 MPa gives predominantly the linear carboxylic acids. The acids and their esters are used as additives for lubricants. The Ce-Cio a-olefins are hydroformylated to odd-numbered linear primary alcohols, which are converted to polyvinylchloride (PVC) plasticizers with phthalic anhydride. Oligomerization of (preferably) 1 -decene, applying BF3 catalysts, gives oligomers used as synthetic lubricants known as poly-a-olefins (PAO) or synthetic hydrocarbons (SHC) [11, 12]. The C10-C12 a-olefins can be epoxidized by peracids this opens up a route to bifunctional derivatives or ethoxylates as nonionic surfactants [13]. 

Higher Olefin Process (SHOP), which was developed over 30 years ago by the Shell Oil Company and produces about a million tons per year of linear Ci2-C15 alcohols derived from Cn-C14 alkenes.40 Most of these alcohols are subsequently converted into detergents and plasticizers. 

Then, in 1989, the sell offs ensued. That year Ethyl disposed of its semiconductor, plastics, aluminum, and coal businesses to its stockholders under the name of Tredeghar Industries. In 1993 it spun off its insurance business to its stockholders as the First Colony Company. The next year, the managers did the same for its chemicals—olefins and their derivatives, bromides, and other specialty chemicals. This was accomplished by creating a new Fortune 500 enterprise named Albemarle. 

Many of the projects on chemical recycling of waste plastics have failed in the past due to the relatively low price of the derived products. In recent years, there has been a trend towards the production of added value compounds such as olefinic gases, paraffins, activated carbons, etc. In general terms, the commercial value of the products obtained in the different treatments can be ordered as thermal oils synthesis gas < hydrogenation oils = catalytic oils < monomers. 

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