One-step hydrogen

Succinic acid diesters are also obtained by one-step hydrogenation (over Pd on charcoal) and esterification of maleic anhydride dissolved in alcohols (40) carbonylation of acrylates in the presence of alcohols and Co complex catalysts (41—43) carbonylation of ethylene in alcohol in the presence of Pd or Pd—Cu catalysts (44—50) hydroformylation of acetylene with Mo and W complexes in the presence of butanol (51) and a biochemical process from dextrose/com steep Hquor, using Jinaerobiumspirillum succiniciproducens as a bacterium (52). 

ENI is exploiting this principle for the development of an innovative technology (one-step hydrogen) for H2 production from fossil fuels with an inherent confinement of C02 in a concentrated stream, ready to be buried [88]. 

The very first use of the polarization pattern to identify the paramagnetic intermediates was in photosensitized (sensitizer, A) reactions of tertiary aliphatic amines DH, for example, triethylamine. Although the gross reaction is a one-step hydrogen abstraction... 

Fig. 21.5 The one-step hydrogenation of dimethyl terephthalate to 1,4-cyclodimethanol using a [Aul] trimetalhc Ru PtSn nanocluster catalyst...

Several new hydrogenation catalysts have been announced. Criterion and Haldor Topsoe are the most active companies in this segment. Sales are small at present, but may become important when more severe diesel aromatics or cetane number specifications are adopted. For one step hydrogenation Akzo Nobel s Ketjenfine 852 could be an attractive catalyst. 

Mono- and bimetallic Rh catalysts were evaluated for the stereoselective reductive amination of alkylphenols to the corresponding alkylcyclohexylaniines. Rhodium catalysts as well as bimetallic catalyst formulations with platinum were found to be the most suitable for this one-step hydrogenation. Both the chemo- and the stereoselectivity of that reaction depend on the amoimt of base added and other parameters such as kind of solvent and/or support. 

Rhodium catalysts as well as bimetallic catalyst formulations with platinum have been found most suitable for the one-step hydrogenation of 4-alky henols to the corresponding cis-4-alkylcyclohexylamines in the presence of ammonia (see Figure 2). 

Huang, C. and A. T-Raissi. 2007. Analyses of one-step hydrogen production from methane and landfill gas. /. Power Sources 173 950-58. 

Sanfilippo, D., Miracca, 1., Cornaro, U., et al. (2004). One-step-hydrogen A New Direct Route by Water Splitting to Hydrogen with Intrinsic CO2 Sequestration, Stud. Surf. Set Catal., 147, pp. 91-96. 

Another approach is the esterification of furfuryl alcohol in the presence of carboxylic acids. Particularly, a process that can be considered a promising route is the direct production of furfuryl acetate in a one-step hydrogenation-esterification of furfural with acetic acid. Under moderate reaction conditions, a bifiinctional catalytic system composed of an acid functionality for esterification reaction and a hydrogenating func-tionahty (5% Pd/AU (SiOajs and 5% Pd/Al-SBA-15) has been proposed with good selectivity to the desired products (Yu et al., 201 la,b). 

Yu, W., Tang, Y., Mo, L., Chen, P., Lou, H., Zheng, X., 2011a. One-step hydrogenation-esterification of furfural and acetic acid over bifunctional Pd catalysts for bio-oil upgrading. Bioresource Technology 102 (17), 8241—8246. 

There are other possibilities to make amines in a one-step hydrogenation reaction irom the methyl ester or fatty acid (2.5 x 10 Pa/250 bar). 

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