Oleate compounds

In this paper we discuss how the mechanical properties and shape memory characteristics of Zn-sulfonated FPDM (Zn-SFPDM)/zinc oleate compounds are affected by the zinc oleate concentration. 

Certain small-volume injections are available where the dmg is dissolved in a viscous oil because it is insoluble in water non-aqueous solvent must be used, hi addition, drags in non-aqueous solvents provide a depot effect, for example for hormonal compounds. The intramuscular route of injection must be used. The vehicle may be a metabolizable fixed oil such as arachis or sesame oil (but not a mineral oil) or an ester such as ethyl oleate which is also metabolizable. The latter is less viscous and therefore easier to administer but the depot effect is of shorter duration. The dmg is normally dissolved in the oil, filtered under pressure and distributed into ampoules. After sealing, the ampoules are sterilized by dry heat, for example, at 160°C for 2 hours. A bactericide is probably ineffective in such a medium and therefore offers very httle protection against contamination in a multidose oily injection. 

According to the colloid scientist Winsor, surfactants are defined as compounds which possess in the same molecule distinct regions of hydrophilic and lipophilic character. For example, in the oleate ion there is an alkyl chain that is basically hydrophobic (lipophilic tail) and a COO" headgroup that is hydrophilic (lipo-phobic). Being amphiphilic in nature, surfactants have the ability to modify the interface between various phases [66]. Their effects on the interface are the result of their ability to orient themselves in accordance with the polarities of the two opposing phases. The polar part can be expected to be oriented towards the more polar (hydrophilic, aqueous) phase, whereas the nonpolar tails should direct towards the nonpolar (lipophilic, oil) phase. 

Carboxylates (9.4, where R is the long-chain hydrophobe and X the cation) represent the oldest type of surfactants, since they could be obtained from naturally occurring fats and oils long before the advent of the petrochemical industry sodium heptadecanoate (9.5), for example, incorporates the cetyl group as hydrophobe. Sodium stearate, sodium palmitate and sodium oleate are the simplest carboxylates generally used as surfactants. Alkylaryl compounds (9.6) are also known. 

Extending oils for compounds crosslinked with peroxides have to be carefully selected. Synthetic ester plasticisers such as phthalates, sebacates and oleates may be used in combination with crosslinking peroxides without affecting the crosslinking reaction. Some derivatives of alkylated benzenes are also known for their very low consumption of free radicals, which is clearly desirable. Mineral oil with double bonds, tertiary carbon atoms or containing heterocyclic aromatic structure may react with radicals paraffinic mineral oils are more effective than naphthenic types, which usually require extra treatment in order to guarantee optimum results when used in peroxide crosslinked blends. 

Some of the uses of these and similar compounds may now be enumerated. It has been found that hydroxypolyoxyalkylene derivatives of sorbitan mono-oleate (commercial name, Tween 80) favors the growth of tubercle bacilli and permits the multiplication of very small inocula.81 Moreover, Tween 80 also nullifies the antitubercular effect of such substances as 5-amino-2-butoxypyridine82 and of ethyl chaulmoograte.88... 

Polymers Catalytic reactions involving C=C bonds are widely used for the conversion of unsaturated fatty compounds to prepare useful monomers for polymer synthesis. Catalytic C-C coupling reactions of unsaturated fatty compounds have been reviewed by Biermann and Metzger [51]. Metathesis reactions involving unsaturated fatty compounds to prepare co-unsaturated fatty acid esters have been applied by Warwel et al. [52], Ethenolysis of methyl oleate catalyzed by ruthenium carbenes developed by Grubb yields 1-decene and methyl 9-decenoate (Scheme 3.6), which can be very useful to prepare monomers for polyolefins, polyesters, polyethers and polyamide such as Nylon 11. 

The ability of titanium-grafted silicas in catalyzing the epoxidation with TBHP of fatty compounds was first tested on two pure Qg monounsaturated FAMEs methyl oleate (ds-9-octadecenoate Scheme 12.1) and methyl elaidate (trans-9-octadecenoate) [49]. In both cases, selectivity to 9,10-epoxystearate was very high (>95%) and the reaction was fully stereospecific, confirming that epoxidation with titanium catalysts and TBHP proceeds via a non-radical mechanism with retention of configuration at the C=C bond. Ti-MCM-41 was more active than Ti-SiC>2 (Fig. 12.1). Actually, methyl oleate was almost completely converted after... 

Write the chemical equation for preparing sodium soap from glyceryl oleate and glyceryl palmitate. Structural formulae of these compounds are given below. 

One of the latest compounds of this class is the phoban-indenylidene complex XXVII, synthesized by Forman et al. in 2006 [60]. This robust catalyst was tested in self-metathesis and ethenolysis reactions of methyl oleate, giving rise to significantly... 

A novel method for production of paraffinic hydrocarbons, suitable as diesel fuel, from renewable resources was illustrated. The fatty acid ethyl ester, ethyl stearate, was successfully converted with high catalyst activity and high selectivity towards formation of the desired product, heptadecane. Investigation of the impact of catalyst reduction showed that the reduction pretreatment had a beneficial effect on the formation of desired diesel compound. The non-pretreated catalyst dehydrogenated ethyl stearate to ethyl oleate. The experiments at different reaction temperatures, depicted that conversion of ethyl stearate was strongly dependent on reaction temperature with Eact=69 kj/mole, while product selectivities were almost constant. Complete conversion of ethyl stearate and very high selectivity towards desired product (95%) were achieved at 360°C. 

Of all mentioned prebiotic membranogenic molecules, the ones that have gained more attention in the literature are long-chain fatty acids. In addition to their prebiotic relevance, these compounds are relatively simple from the structural point of view, and most of them are easily available. We will see in the next chapter that these vesicles have acquired a particular importance in the held of the origin of life. In fact, the hrst inveshgations on self-reproducing aqueous micelles and vesicles were carried out with caprylate (Bachmann et al, 1992) and most of the recent studies on vesicles involve vesicles from oleic acid/oleate (for simplicity we will refer to them as oleate vesicles). In this section, I would like to illustrate some of the basic properties of these surfactant aggregates. 

CA 46, 1768 (1952). An easily combustible mixture suitable as fuel for incendiary bombs and grenades, flame throwers, etc. Consists of 7-14% volatile hydrocarbon fuel such as gasoline, and 93 to 86% of soap-type gelling agent, which is composed of Al oleate 50-75, Al stearate 25-50, to which is added about 1% of oxy-aromatic antioxident compound... 

Compound Name Ammonium Hydroxide Hexamethylenetetramine Ammonium Acetate Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium Sulfamate Ammonium Sulfamate Ammonium Benzoate Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Dichromate Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium Carbonate Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Citrate Ammonium Citrate Ammonium Pentaborate Ammonium Dichromate Nickel Ammonium Sulfate Ferric Ammonium Citrate Ferric Ammonium Oxalate Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Fluoride Ammonium Silicofluoride Ammonium Formate Ammonium Gluconate Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium Sulfide Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium Thiosulfate Ammonium Thiosulfate Ammonium Iodide Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Lactate Ammonium Lactate Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Ammonium Molybdate Ammonium Chloride Nickel Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Nitrate-Urea Solution Ammonium Oleate... 

Oxidation of Cyclohexane. The synthesis of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone is the first step in the transformation of cyclohexane to adipic acid, an important compound in the manufacture of fibers and plastics. Cyclohexane is oxidized industrially by air in the liquid phase to a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone.866 872-877 Cobalt salts (naphthenate, oleate, stearate) produce mainly cyclohexanone at about 100°C and 10 atm. The conversion is limited to about 10% to avoid further oxidation by controlling the oxygen content of the reaction mixture. Combined yields of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone are about 60-70%. 

For this water concentration, the micellar region for the bile salt mixture is large for all oleyl compounds except oleic acid. Oleic acid is distinguished from the other compounds in that it does not form a lyotropic liquid crystalline phase spontaneously in water and, similarly, is present as oil droplets in bile salt solution when its micellar solubility is exceeded. Figure 1 shows also that the micellar area of an equimolar mixture of monoolein and sodium oleate is considerably greater than that of an equimolar mixture of monoolein and oleic acid, indicating that fatty acid ionization also enhances micellar solubility when monoolein is present. The equimolar mixture of sodium oleate and oleic acid has a micellar area similar in size to that of monoolein, as does the equimolar combination of all three compounds. 

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