Industrial oxidation

Antimony tfioxide is currently designated as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) and ACGIH (31). However, a chronic inhalation study, conducted by the Antimony Oxide Industry Association (AOIA), found no evidence of carcinogenicity (31,32). 

M One-Year Inhalation Toxicity Study ofMntimonj Trioxide in the Rat (with a One-year Recovery Period), Bio /dynamics Incorporated, East Millstone, N.J. submitted to Antimony Oxide Industry Association (AOIA), Feb. 9, 1990. 

Oxidation of Cyclohexane. The synthesis of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone is the first step in the transformation of cyclohexane to adipic acid, an important compound in the manufacture of fibers and plastics. Cyclohexane is oxidized industrially by air in the liquid phase to a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone.866 872-877 Cobalt salts (naphthenate, oleate, stearate) produce mainly cyclohexanone at about 100°C and 10 atm. The conversion is limited to about 10% to avoid further oxidation by controlling the oxygen content of the reaction mixture. Combined yields of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone are about 60-70%. 

Oxides. Industrially, the most important of this group is Y203 Eu3 +. The preparation is generally carried out by precipitating mixed oxalates from purified solutions of yttrium and europium nitrates. Firing the dried oxalates at ca. 600 °C is followed by crystallization firing at 1400-1500 °C for several hours [5.382],... 

Merck in Japan has recently patented [16] a process for the production of water and weather-resistant pearlescent pigments produced by coating mica with hydrous zirconia. This is in many ways similar to processes operated in the titanium oxide industry and mentioned previously. The zirconium hydroxide aids dispersion and gives better compatibility with the polymer matrix that it is incorporated in. 

Centi, G. and Perafhoner, S. (2003) Selective Oxidation. Industrial, in Encyclopedia of Catalysis (Chief ed. I.T. Horvath), John Wiley Sons, New York, Vol. 6, p. 239. 

Usually, the typology of batch reactors also includes the semi-batch gas-liquid reactors, in which a gaseous phase is fed continuously in order to provide one of the reactants. A typical example is given by the reactors used both in different oxidative industrial processes and in the active sludge processes for the treatment of wastewater. It is possible to distinguish between the bubble columns (Fig. 7.1(c)), in which the gas rises undisturbed in the liquid phase, and the bubble stirred reactor, in which a mechanical mixer is added. Finally, the slurry reactors can be considered, in which the liquid phase contains a finely dispersed solid phase as well, which can act as a reactant or as a heterogeneous catalyst these reactors assume in general the features of Fig. 7.1(d). 

Shoji, D., N. Kuramochi, K. Yui, H. Uchida, K. Itatani and S. Koda, Visualized Kinetic Aspects of a Wood Block in Sub- and Supercritical Water Oxidation, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 45, 5885-5890 (2006). 

Fargues, C., Mathias, A., and Rodrigues, A., Kinetics of vanillin production from om Krafl lignin oxidation. Industrial Eng Chem Res 1996, 35 (1), 28-36. 

Davidson, J.M., Lawrie, C.H., and Sohail, K. Kinetics of the absorption of hydrogen-sulfide by high-purity and doped high-surface-area zinc-oxide. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 1995, 34, 2981. 

R. N. McBrayer, J. W. Griffith and A. Gidner, Operation of the First Commercial Supercritical Water Oxidation Industrial Waste Facility, Proceedings of International Conference on Oxidation Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment, 1996. 

Table 15.16 gives a few examples how some iron oxide industrial preparations affect an oxidation rate (as oxidative induction time) of HDPE. 

Effect of H2O and SOj on catalytic activity 30-P-22 Effluents, nitric oxide industry 30-P-34... 

Zirconium oxide industrial Dodecyl benzene industrial acidizing Hydrochloric acid industrial cleaner mfg. 

C. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, A.L. Martinez-Herndndez, V.M. Castano, O.V Kharissova, R.S. Ruoff, and C. Velasco-Santos, Polysaccharide nanocomposites Reinforced with graphene oxide and keratin-grafted graphene oxide. Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research, 51 (3), 619-29,2012. 

Langer, S. H., Pate, K. T. (1983). Selective electrogenerative reduction of nitric oxide. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 22(2), 264—271. 

Element (Expressed as Oxide) Industrial Fly Ash (wt%) Laboratory-Produced Ash (wt%) ... 

Liang, J.J. Weng, Ff.S. (1993). Catalytic Properties of Lanthanum Strontium Transition Metal Oxides (Lai-xSrxBQs B = Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel) for Toluene Oxidation. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 32, No. 11, (November 1993), pp. 2563-2572, ISSN 0888-5885... 

The selective oxidation of CH3OH to HCHO represents the industrial production of one of the major chemical intermediates. Two different catalytic oxidation industrial processes are in use for methanol oxidation. One process employs unsupported silver catalysts and the other employs bulk iron-molybdate, Fe2(Mo04)3, catalysts. The silver catalyst process is used when limited amounts of formaldehyde are desired and the process can be quickly started and shut down. 

Indeed, more complex catalysts are required for partial oxidation reactions. Although several catalytic systems have been studied in the last twenty years, a very limited number of catalysts have been reported for industrial or pre-industrial use. In fact, in addition to V-P-0 catalysts (based on vanadyl pyrophosphate), the unique catalyst used for an alkane oxidation industrialized process, only V-Sb- and MoVTe(Sb)NbO-based mixed-metal oxides have been proposed as sufficiently effective catalysts for the propane ammoxidation process. In both cases pilot plants using the latter catalysts have been announced on the bases of their catalytic results. 

Ouvrard, S., Simonnot, M.O., Donato, P. and Sardin, M. (2002) DiHiision-controlled adsorption of arsenate on a natiual manganese oxide. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 41, 6194-9. 

See ELDC (1990), for instance, for a review of recent market developments in the European lead sheet and lead oxide industries. 

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