Ointments dilution

After heating to 50 °C in a water bath, the sample was cooled to below room temperature and filtered. The residue was washed with two 5-mL portions of CCI4, and the combined filtrates were collected in a 25-mL volumetric flask. After adding 2.00 mL of the internal standard solution, the contents of the flask were diluted to volume with CCI4. Analysis of an approximately 2- tL sample gave LfD signals of f3.5 for the terpene hydrate and 24.9 for the camphor. Report the %w/w camphor in the analgesic ointment. 

Sahcyhc acid USP, EP, and other pharmacopeia grades are used medically as antiseptic, disinfectant, antifungal, and keratolytic agents. Sahcyhc acid is formulated in lotion or ointment formulations for the treatment of dandmff, eczema, psoriasis, and various parasitic skin diseases. Because the keratolytic property of this aromatic acid has use in the safe removal of dead skin cells from the surface of healthy skin, the acid is used in concentrated sahcyhc acid solutions or suspensions to remove warts and corns. In more dilute form, sahcyhc acid preparations have found use in dandmff and eczema treatment. Sahcyhc acid has been considered and found effective by the Advisory Committees to the FDA in various over-the-counter (OTC) dmg regulated uses. Among these are acne products, dermatitis, dry skin, dandmff and psoriasis products, and foot care products (24). 

Once the desired frost is achieved, the skin can be rinsed off with water, or cooled down with cool wet compresses which are applied to the skin. The wet compresses can provide a welcome relief to the burning induced by the peel. Unlike glycolic peels the water does not neutralize the peel, as the frosting indicates the end-point of the reaction rather, it dilutes any excess TCA. The compresses can be repeated several times until the burning sensation has subsided. Subsequently, a layer of ointment such as plain petrolatum or Aquaphor is applied and post-peel instructions and what to expect are reviewed with the patient prior to discharge to home. 

Step 3 Determine the capsule size by using the rule of six. Capsule size 3 can hold 3 grains or 195 mg. Weigh 200 mg of the tablet mixture (which is obtained as 2000 mg of total powder/10 capsules) and try to fill in capsule size 3. If the capsule is not filled or it is too full, go for the next capsule size, i.e., 2 which holds approximately 4 grains or 260 mg of powder. Verify the appropriateness by filling one or two capsules of size 2. If appropriate, select this size. For 10 capsules, the total powder should be 2600 mg. Therefore add 600 mg of lactose in the tablet mixture of 2000 mg by geometric dilution. Transfer the 2600 mg of powder on a clean paper or an ointment tile, compress as a cake, and fill all the capsules by a sliding motion. 

Step 3 By the rule of six capsule size 4 can hold a total powder quantity of about 130 mg. Considering this amount, the total amount of powder for twelve capsules of size 4 is 1560 mg. The amount of lactose that should be added for twelve capsules is 1080 mg (calculated as 1560 mg - 480 mg = 1080 mg). Therefore, weigh 1080 mg of lactose and add to the drug mixture by geometric dilution. As a confirmation of the size, fill one or two capsules of size 4 with 130 mg of the mixture and determine the appropriateness. If the capsule size is correct, punch out the remaining capsules after forming a cake on a powder paper or an ointment tile. 

When semisolid preparations of certain strength are diluted with ointment bases (also referred to as diluents), the strength of the mixture will be lowered. The percentage strength decreases as the quantity increases. To calculate the percent by weight strength of a semisolid mixture, an equation may be used as follows ... 

Parts injured with acids or caustic alkalis should first be washed thoroughly with water and then with bicarbonate solution or dilute acetic acid respectively. Slight burns should be washed with alcohol and then covered with linseed oil or an ointment. 

Q7 A pharmacist is required to dispense 30 g of 0.5% hydrocortisone ointment. The pharmacist has available o hydrocortisone ointment 1%. Hov/ many grams of the 1% ointment could be diluted v/ith v/hite soft paraffin to prepare this order ... 

In this case the selective extraction of oily excipients from the cream is made somewhat easier by the fact that the miconazole (p/fa 6.5) is almost fully ionised at pH 4.0 the econazole internal standard used differs from miconazole by only one chlorine atom (Fig. 12.13). Thus a preliminary extraction can be made with hexane to remove much of the basis of the ointment and then the sample can be simply diluted with mobile phase, filtered and analysed. 

The United States Pharmacopoeia 23 [11] and Indonesian Pharmacopoeia IV [9] describe the assay of benzoic acid and salicylic acid in ointments. Two chromatographic columns (20 x 2.5 cm) are used to effect the separation. One transfers a mixture of 1 g siliceous earth and 0.5 mL diluted phosphoric acid (3 in 10) to the first column (A), then packs above this a mixture of 4 g siliceous earth and ferric chloride-urea reagent. A mixture of 4 g siliceous earth and 2mL of sodium bicarbonate solution (1 in 12) is packed into the second column (B). For analysis, column A is mounted directly above column B. The sample solution is inserted onto column A, allowed to pass into the column, and then washed with 2-40 mL of chloroform. Benzoic acid can be eluted from column B by using a 3 in 100 solution of glacial acetic acid in chloroform. The benzoic acid content then can be determined by a spectrophotometric method such as that described earlier (section 4.5). 

Unguentum Belladonnae Belladonna ointment, has the above extract 10%, diluted alcohol 5, benzoinated lard 65, and hydrous wool-fat, 20... 

Sample treatment procedures are similiar to those cited for creams and ointments [3, pp. 466, 686, 758]. Acetone and a mixture of chloroform and methanol (1 2) [3, p. 196] have been used to dilute lotions prior to assay. For assuring batch-to-batch uniformity a diffusion-cell system has been developed [54]. 

HPLC Ultrasonic with MeOH, dilute with mobile phase Silica MeOH-CH.CI. (1 4), MeOH contains 0.02% NH4OH 258 nm Tablets, solutions ointments [74]... 

Clobetasone-17-butyrate Weigh out ointment (equivalent to 0.5 mg) in 10-ml volumetric flask. Add 6 ml methanol, place in water bath ( 60°C) for 2 min, shake, add internal standard, dilute with methanol 45... 

Zinc is used in ointments and eye-lotions and is a constituent of different forms of insulin. In the former type of applications zinc oxide, zinc stearate and zinc undecanoate may be encountered in a variety of creams, ointments and pastes. Moody and Taylor [104] dissolved the residue from such samples after ether extraction (lg in 5 ml ether) in concentrated hydrochloric acid. After dilution, the determination can be completed at 213.9 nm in the air/acetylene flame where interferences are not normally encountered. Various analytical techniques for determining zinc in insulin injections have been critically compared [105] atomic absorption was preferred as being accurate, fast and precise. Spielhotz and Toralballa [106] reported a method capable of determining low levels of zinc in insulin. The sample (5 mg) was suspended in water (10 ml), 1 drop of 6M hydrochloric acid was added to effect dissolution. After making up to 50 ml the determination was completed using an air/acetylene flame. Alternatively protamine insulin solution (1 ml) may be diluted to 50 ml after the addition of 1 drop of acid. 

Overall, ophthalmic ointments offer the following advantages reduced dilution of the medication via the tear film, resistance to nasolacrimal drainage, and an increased precorneal contact time [179,180], However, oily viscous preparations for ophthalmic use (such as ointments) can cause blurred vision and matting of the eyelids and may also be associated with discomfort by the patient as well as occasional ocular mucosal irritation. Ointments are therefore generally used in combination with eye drops, which can be administered during the day, while the ointment is applied at night, when clear vision is not required. 

Animals need to be bathed with copious amounts of soap and water. If dermal decontamination is not implemented quickly, mustard will react with the skin and cannot be easily removed (Sidell et al, 1997). Sodium thiosulfate (2.5% solution) can be used dermally to neutralize mustard exposures (Garigan, 1996). Animals may also be bathed with dilute (0.5%) hypochlorite solutions (Borak and Sidell, 1992). Monitor for dermal bums. Secondary infection is common. Topical silver sulfadiazine can be applied to all bums and an Ehzabethan collar placed to decrease ingestion of the ointment and self trauma. Topically applied dexa-methasone and diclofenac reduced inflammation in a mouse model when applied within 4 h (Dachir et al, 2004). All equine and ovine patients should be inoculated with tetanus toxoid. Vaccination of other species should be determined on a case by case basis. 

Animals should be washed with water and dilute household bleach (5% sodium hypochlorite) as soon as possible. Application of a 5% BAL ointment within 15 min can be effective in diminishing the blistering effects of lewisite (Smith, 1999). Remove BAL ointment with soap and water after 5 min. Leaving the ointment on can cause stinging, itching, or urticaria. Bums should be managed with pain control, antibiotics, and debriding as needed. 

For yoimg children, ophthalmic medications in ointment form are often preferred because they are less likely to be diluted and washed out by tears, and the drop... 

Staphylococcal infections of the eyelid are commonly treated with erythromycin ointment applied to the Ud margins (see Table 11-1). Warm moist compresses should be applied to the lid, and then the lid margins should be gently cleaned with diluted baby shampoo or a commercial lid cleanser before applying the drug. Erythromycin ointment can be applied only at bedtime or more often as required by infection severity. For the prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum, a 0.5- to 1-cm ribbon of erythromycin ointment is instilled into each conjunctival sac and not flushed from the eyes after application. 

Lid hygiene consists of hot compresses, lasting 5 to 10 minutes and performed two to four times daily, followed by lid scrubs using a mild detergent cleanser such as baby shampoo and a washcloth or prepackaged commercially available lid scrubs (Box 23-2). Dilution of the shampoo is not necessary imless the patient has an unfavorable reaction to full strength. The hot compresses serve to loosen lid debris and dilate blood vessels to allow increased blood flow to the area. The scrubs not only facilitate removal of debris but also serve to lyse bacterial membranes and to reduce the bacterial load. Antibiotic ointment should then be applied directly to the lid margin two to foiu- times daily. Antibiotic drops are used when a secondary conjunctivitis is also present. 

Anal fissures are often intensely painful due to sphincter spasm. Anaesthetic ointments and stool softening agents have been widely used, with surgery (lateral internal sphinterotomy) for severely affected cases, but this procedure can cause incontinence from loss of sphincter control. An alternative is topical application of nitrate which heals two-thirds of fissures. Preparations should be diluted to 0.2% as such use may be complicated by headache tolerance can develop. Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin has also been shown to be effective. 

To capture small, lightweight pests like aphids, thrips, and whiteflies, dilute the heavier ointments to make application easier (use 1 part sticky coating to 2 parts paint thinner). Or, buy easy-to-apply, brush-on formulas. For heavier pests, such as caterpillars, that may resist being stuck, use sticky coatings at full strength. 

Inappropriate dilution of carefully formulated creams and ointments may result in changes in stability and the effectiveness. The biophar-maceutical considerations will be apparent from the discussion in this chapter. An example would be clobetasol propionate formulated in a base containing the optimum amount of propylene glycol. The solubilities of the steroid as a function of propylene glycol concentration are shown in Fig. 9.26. A 1 in 2... 

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