Oils, drying essential

Ishikawa et al. (2003) could obtain 33 compounds, including two new monoterpenoids, four new monoterpenoid glycosides, two new monoterpenoid glucoside sulphates and two new aromatic compound glycosides, from the water-soluble portion of the methanol extract of coriander fruit. Their structures were clarified by spectral investigation. The major constituents of coriander essential oils (dried fruits, herb prior to flowering and flowering herb) are listed below. 

The chief components of the celery leaf oil were limonene, myrcene and cis-ocimene (Bubarova, 1973 Fehr, 1974). The sesquiterpene content of the leaf oil (< 5%) was relatively low compared with that of the fruit oil. The essential oil of leaves contained a higher amount of limonene compared with the roots and a very small amount of carvone (Sipailiene et al., 2005). Studies conducted on the leaf essential oil showed that the matured dry leaf contained essential oil having a composition similar to that of seed oil (Thappa et al., 2003). High... 

Spray drying is the most commonly used method in the food industry. Bioactive ingredients microencapsulated by this method include fats and oils, flavours, essential oils and other oil-soluble bioactives. Water-soluble bioactives can also be encapsulated by spray drying, where the encapsulant forms a matrix structure rather than a film surrounding the core. This process typically involves the dispersion of the core material into a solution of the encapsulant (e.g., protein, carbohydrate) and atomization of the mixture into the drying chamber. This leads to evaporation of the solvent... 

Lippia species are used extensively in Africa for medicinal purposes and they have all been found to be rich in essential oils. The essential oils from the reported eight known Lippia species in Kenya have been studied extensively. Whereas L. grandifolia is the most common in West Africa, L. ukambensis Vatke and L. javanica Vatke are the most widely distributed in East Africa and particularly in Kenya. The remaining Lippia species are limited in their ecological distribution. Lippia dauensis is rare and is located in the dry areas of Kenya (78). 

After about an hour, the suspension was filtered (using a cannula or filter stick) and solvent removed in vacuo. This gave the desired ligand (colourless oil) in essentially pure form, and in near quantitative yield. This ligand is stable indefinitely if stored under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen. 

Over the last decades, infrared (IR) vibrational sprectroscopy has been well established as a useful tool for structure elucidation and quafity control in several industrial applications. Indeed, the development of Fourier transform (FT) IR and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) techniques have also evolved allowing rapad IR measurements of organosolvent extracts of plant tissues, edible oils, and essential oils, for example (Damm et al., 2005 Lai et al., 1994 Schulz Baranska, 2007). In consequence of the strong dip>ole moment of water, IR spectroscopy applications have mostly focused on the analysis of dried or non-aqueous plant matrices and currently IR methods are widely used as a fast analytical technique for the authentication and detection of adulteration of vegetable oils. 

In simple coacervation or gelification (500 pm to 2 mm), an emulsion of oil in an aqueous solution of a polymer/substance able to form a gel, is prepared. By changing pH, tanperature, or adding salts, the substance will precipitate around the drops (alginate/CaClj gelatine hot/cooled oil). Then particles are separated and dried. Essential oils in zein (proteins) nanospherical particles (100 nm) were prepared by phase separation, and then lyophilized (Parris et al., 2005). 

Dried cardamom capsules (25g) of four varieties, namely, CCS-1, GG, NKE-12 and RR-1 were crushed and the seeds were separated. The decorticated seeds were hydrodistilled for 3 h in Clevenger apparatus to extract the essential oil. The essential oil separated was collected, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored in a refrigerator until the analysis was carried out. The percent essential oil content was calculated. The varieties GG recorded maximum essential oil yield (6 %) per capsule weight basis and superior quality with lower 1,8-cineole and high terpinyl acetate contents. 

Essential oil. Traditionally, essential oil is recovered from plant materials by steam distillation at atmospheric pressure. This was also true of hops until about 1980. Clearly, prolonged heating at 100°C in water or steam is likely to damage some of the more labile constituents of the essential oil and it had to be acknowledged that the oil so recovered from hops differed in aroma from fresh, dried hops. 

Dry - 207 Slurry - 207 Sand acid - 835 Sandalwood oil - 234 Sani-Fresh soap solution - 207 Sanitizers - 876 Santosafe - 281,364, 818 Saponified oil - 228 Sassafras oil (see Essential oils)... 

Cinnamomum cassia B/um (Lauraceae) is the so-caUed cassia. It is native to southeastern China and has not been grown successfuUy outside of this area. The dried bark of this evergreen tree is stripped, ground, and sold almost exclusively in China. The leaves and twigs of the tree contain the same flavor components as the bark and are steam distUled to yield the cassia oil of commerce. Infrequently, smaU amounts of bark are bundled and exported as cassia lignea but caimot compete with the other varieties as bark spice. The Chinese prefer to seU the essential oil. 

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, gadic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, the physical process of expression, appHed mostly to citms fmits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2—15% nonvolatile material. Some flowers or resinoids obtained by solvent extraction often contain only a small portion of volatile oil, but nevertheless are called essential oils. Several oils are dry-distiUed and also contain a limited amount of volatiles nonetheless they also are labeled essential oils, eg, labdanum oil and balsam oil Pern. The yield of essential oils from plants varies widely. Eor example, nutmegs yield 10—12 wt % of oil, whereas onions yield less than 0.1% after enzymatic development. 

In 1993, the United States imported nearly 22 x 10 kg of essential oils at a total value of almost 190 x 10 , an increase over 1992 of ca 2.3 X 10 kg and 935,000. Table 1 fists the quantities and values of 35 imported essential oils. The United States exports seven principal essential oils orange, lemon, peppermint, spearmint, cedarwood, clove, and nutmeg. The latter two are not grown in the United States but are imported as dried spice, processed for oil, and then exported. 

Pimento Berry Oil. The pimento or allspice tree, Pimenta dioca L. (syn. P. officinalis, Liadl.), a native of the West Indies and Central America, yields two essential oils of commercial importance pimento berry oil and pimenta leaf oil. The leaf oil finds some use ia perfumery for its resemblance to clove leaf and cinnamon leaf oils as a result of its high content of eugenol. Pimento berry oil is an item of commerce with extensive appHcation by the flavor industry ia food products such as meat sauces, sausages, and pickles, and moderate use ia perfumery, where it is used primarily as a modifier ia the modem spicy types of men s fragrances. The oil is steam-distilled from dried, cmshed, fully grown but unripe fmits. It is a pale yellow Hquid with a warm-spicy, sweet odor with a fresh, clean topnote, a tenacious, sweet-balsamic-spicy body, and a tea-like undertone. A comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of ripe pimento berries and a commercial oil has been performed and differences are shown ia Table 52 (95). 

Turpentine Oil. The world s largest-volume essential oil, turpentine [8006-64-2] is produced ia many parts of the world. Various species of piaes and balsamiferous woods are used, and several different methods are appHed to obtain the oils. Types of turpentines include dry-distiUed wood turpentine from dry distillation of the chopped woods and roots of pines steam-distilled wood turpentine which is steam-distilled from pine wood or from solvent extracts of the wood and sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of the production of sulfate ceUulose. From a perfumery standpoint, steam-distilled wood turpentine is the only important turpentine oil. It is rectified to yield pine oil, yellow or white as well as wood spirits of turpentine. Steam-distilled turpentine oil is a water-white mobile Hquid with a refreshing warm-balsamic odor. American turpentine oil contains 25—35% P-pinene (22) and about 50% a-pinene (44). European and East Indian turpentines are rich in a-pinene (44) withHtfle P-pinene (22), and thus are exceUent raw materials... 

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