Oil separation

There are standard test methods (ASTM D 1742, ASTM D-3336,ASTM D-3337, ASTM D-3527, ASTM D-4425, IP 121) for predicting the amount of oil liberated by grease when stored in containers. In both methods the grease is supported by a wire mesh screen a weight or air pressure is applied to the top surface of the grease to accelerate oil separation. 

One particular method (ASTM D 1742, IP 121) is used to determine the tendency of lubricating grease to separate oil when stored at 25°C (77°F) at an applied air pressure of 1.72 kN/m (0.25 psi). The test gives an indication of the oil retention characteristics of lubricating grease stored in both normally filled and partially filled containers. The duration of this test is either 24 h (ASTM D-1742) or 7 days (IP 121), and the data often correlate directly with oil separation that occurs in 16-kg (35 lb) containers of grease stored at room temperature. 

Another test method (ASTM D-3527) is used for the evaluation of grease life in tapered roller wheel bearings in a model front wheel assembly run at 1000 rpm under a specified thrust load at 160°C (320°F) with a cycle of 20 h on and 4 h off (ASTM D-4290). 

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Lubricating performance Extreme pressure and anti-wear properties Oil separation... 

Formation of nitrosaminey RgN NO. (a) From monomethylaniline. Dissolve I ml. of monomethylaniline in about 3 ml. of dil. HCl and add sodium nitrite solution gradually with shaking until the yellow oil separates out at the bottom of the solution. Transfer completely to a smdl separating-funnel, add about 20 ml. of ether and sh e. Run off the lower layer and wash the ethereal extract first with water, then with dil. NaOH solution, and finally with w ter to free it completely from nitrous acid. Evaporate the ether in a basin over a previously warmed water-bath, in a fume cupboard with no flames near. Apply Liebermann s reaction to the residual oil (p. 340). 

A further small quantity of n-heptyl alcohol may be obtained from the alkaline solution by mixing it with 50 ml. of water and distilling the distillate is saturated with salt, the oil separated, dried aad distilled from a small flask. 

Xanthylamides. Dissolve 0 25 g. of xanthhydrol in 3-5 ml. of glacial acetic acid if an oil separates (as is sometimes the case with commercial material), allow to settle for a short time and decant the supernatant solution. Add 0-25 g. of the amide, shake and allow to stand. If a crystalline derivative does not separate in about 10 minutes, warm on a water bath for a period not exceeding 30 minutes, and allow to cool. Filter oflF the solid xanthylamide (9-acylamidoxanthen) and recrystallise it from dioxan - water or from acetic acid - water, dry at 80° for 15 minutes and determine the m.p. 

Add the salt to dilute hydrochloric acid (prepared from 28 ml. of the concentrated acid and 150 ml. of water) contained in a 500 ml. flask fitted with a reflux condenser. Warm the mixture gently carbon dioxide is evolved and an oil separates. Heat on a steam bath for 90 minutes, cool, and extract the oil with 75 ml. of benzene. Wash the extract with 100 ml. of water, and distil the benzene solution under reduced pressure from a Claisen flask. Collect the a-phenylpropionaldehyde at 90-93°/10 mm. the yield is 30 g. 

A solution of gramine methosulfate (30.0 g, 0.10 mol) and NaCN (15,0 g, 0.30mol) in water (300 ml) was heated to 65-70°C for 1 h. A colourless oil separated as the reaction proceeded. The solution was cooled and saturated with Na2S04 and extracted with ether (400 ml). The ether was removed in vacuo and the residue purified by high vacuum distillation to give the product in 94% yield. 

Moving-bed percolation systems are used for extraction from many types of ceUular particles such as seeds, beans, and peanuts (see Nuts). In most of these cases organic solvents are used to extract the oils from the particles. Pre-treatment of the seed or nut is usually necessary to increase the number of ceUs exposed to the solvent by increasing the specific surface by flaking or rolling. The oil-rich solvent (or misceUa) solution often contains a small proportion of fine particles which must be removed, as weU as the oil separated from the solvent after leaching. 

Foam Control. Whereas some siUcones are known to be foam promoters, Dow Corning FS-1265 Fluid is a Hquid fluorosiUcone with effective antifoam properties. Petroleum industry appHcation of fluids and dispersions in gas—oil separators on offshore drilling platforms has been successful. Their use peaked in the early 1980s, coinciding with constrained cmde oil capacity and production. Diesel fuels are an excellent solvent for dimethyl silicones and render them ineffective as an antifoam. A new antifoam which does not require the use of added siUca is formulated from a fluorosiUcone copolymer. It has shown promise to antifoam (8) diesel fuel (see Defoamers). 

MIBK is a highly effective separating agent for metals from solutions of their salts and is used in the mining industries to extract plutonium from uranium, niobium from tantalum, and zirconium from hafnium (112,113). MIBK is also used in the production of specialty surfactants for inks (qv), paints, and pesticide formulations, examples of which are 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol and its ethoxylated adduct. Other appHcations include as a solvent for adhesives and wax/oil separation (114), in leather (qv) finishing, textile coating, and as a denaturant for ethanol formulations. 

Oil and Petrochemicals. There are a variety of uses for defoamers in oil recovery. They are used in some of the materials used in oil extraction, such as in drilling muds and cement lining, and also directly with the cmde oil itself. In its natural state cmde oil contains dissolved gases held by high reservoir pressure. When this Hve cmde oil is extracted and passed into the low pressure environment of a gas-oil separator, the dissolved gases are... 

Proper emulsification is essential to the satisfactory performance of a carrier. A weU-formulated carrier readily disperses when poured into water, and forms a milky emulsion upon agitation or steaming. It should not cause oil separation upon heating or crystallization and sedimentation upon cooling. 

Product separation for main fractionators is also often called black oil separation. Main fractionators are typically used for such operations as preflash separation, atmospheric crude, gas oil crude, vacuum preflash crude, vacuum crude, visbreaking, coking, and fluid catalytic cracking. In all these services the object is to recover clean, boiling range components from a black multicomponent mixture. But main fractionators are also used in hydrocracker downstream processing. This operation has a clean feed. Nevertheless, whenever you hear the term black oil, understand that what is really meant is main fractionator processing. 

In an offshore oil production platform, a major accident occurred partly because pump seals failed and therefore an antifoaming agent was not delivered to a crude oil separator. The fact that the pump seals were defective should have been picked up during routine inspections, but the inspections were neglected because of production pressures. The failure to carry out the inspections was a latent error. 

At start of his shift (18 00) had walked around plant, including oil separation module. 

Had been contacted by oil separation day supervisor and worked to repair and rectify the PRV on pump A. Work started about 11 00 and then PRV had been removed and taken to the contractors workshop to be stripped. 

Warm the substance with a few c.c. of ethyl alcoliol. Vigorous effervescence occurs and the liquid turns red. Wlaen effervescence ceases, add water. An oil separates out on tlae surface consisting of benzene mixed with a little phenetol. 

Dissolve the substance in water and warm gently. Effervescence occurs and a dark coloured oil separates, which has the aincll of phenol. When effervescence ceases, cool and shake ii j with a little ether. Decant the ether into a dry test-tube. Evapoiate the ether and test the residue for phenol, see p. 179. 

The methyl alcohol is poured into a round flask (250 c.c.) connected with an upright condenser. The sodium, cut into small pieces, is then added, the flask being detached from the condenser for a moment and replaced. When the sodium has dissolved, the phenol and methyl iodide are added. The mixture IS heated on the water-bath until the solution has no longer an alkaline reaction (two to three hours). As much as possible of the methyl alcohol is distilled off on the water-bath and water added to the amber-coloured residue. A colourless oil separates out, which is e.xtracted with ether. The ethereal solution is dehydrated over calcium chloride and distilled, first on the water-bath until the ether has been driven off, and then over the flame. Almost the whole of the residue distils at 150—155. Yield, nearly theoretical. 

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