Separation of oil

Flotation is also used in applications such as the separation of oil... 

API separator A facility developed by the Committee on Disposal or Refinery Wastes of the American Petroleum Institute for separation of oil from wastewater in a gravity differential and equipped with means for recovering the separated oil and removing sludge. 

The method for the recovery of tantalum and niobium was developed for use on secondary raw materials in the form of oil-contaminated sludge. Uchino and Azuma [486] suggested using solid-liquid separation of oil from the slurry prior to the recovery of tantalum and niobium from the raw material. 

U. W. Hendricks, B. Lehmann, and U. Litzinger. Process for the separation of oil-in-water emulsions, and basic polyamides (Verfahren zur Spaltung von Ol-in-Wasser-Emulsionen und Basische Polyamide). Patent EP 691150,1996. 

In the preseparation chamber, the less dense oil droplets rise, collide, and fuse with adjacent droplets. According to Stoke s law, the larger the diameter of a particle, the faster is its rate of rise. Thus, as small droplets coalesce to form larger droplets, their upward vertical velocity increases. Coalescing tubes or plates are designed to enhance the separation of oil-water emulsions. The emulsion free water is directed away from the tubes or plates and enters the separation section. Some separators are built with an outlet zone for the discharge of clarified water. 

Konishi, M. Kishimoto, M. Tamesui, N., et ah, The Separation of Oil From an Oil-Water-Bacteria Mixture Using a Hydrophobic Tubular Membrane. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2005. 24(1) pp. 49-54. 

Separation of oil and water in microbial reaction of oily and aqueous two-phase system [154],... 

The methods developed by EBC and others in the late 1990s using hydrocyclones and phase-inversion techniques may be sufficient for separation of the treated oil from the aqueous phase and biocatalyst. However, a cost analysis of such methods may be necessary to determine the economic feasibility. Recent work using hydrophobic membranes, magnetically separable immobilized biocatalysts and other techniques may provide alternate methods for separation of oil and recycling biocatalyst. A comparison of these techniques with each other and the previously investigated hydrocyclone techniques is needed to demonstrate improvements in the separation efficiency. 

The spontaneous separation of oil and water, a familiar observation in everyday life, is due to the energetically unfavorable formation of clathrate structures. When a mixture of water and oil is firmly shaken, lots of tiny oil drops form to begin with, but these quickly coalesce spontaneously to form larger drops—the two phases separate. A larger drop has a smaller surface area than several small drops with the same volume. Separation therefore reduces the area of surface contact between the water and the oil, and consequently also the extent of clathrate formation. The AS for this process... 

The separation of oil and water (B) can be prevented by adding a strongly amphipathic substance. During shaking, a more or less stable emulsion then forms, in which the surface of the oil drops is occupied by amphipathic molecules that provide it with polar properties externally. The emulsification of fats in food by bile acids and phospholipids is a vital precondition for the digestion of fats (see p.314). 

The Apollo technology uses a patented separation media, which is designed to force a rapid rate of coalescence, speeding the separation of oil and water dramatically without using heat. 

With the introduction of dist.illa.tion and fractionation under high vacuum in the presence of steam, it was possible to effect a relatively efficient separation of oil from the asphalts. However, in the case of the more highly paraffinic crudes, a complete separation between oil and asphaltic materials could not be made, because the high viscosity oil fractions which have very low vapor pressures are thermally decomposed at the relatively high temperatures required in the distillation. 

The development of modern fractionating equipment, in which a minimum pressure drop exists across the bubble trays, brought about a further improvement in the efficiency of the separation of oils from the asphaltic materials. Modern vacuum distillation is widely used at the present time for the production of oils of low asphaltic material content. 

The process of removing an oily drop from a solid substrate may be described in terms of the work of adhesion, given by Equation (6.57). Applying this idea to the separation of oil (O) from solid (S) gives... 

Oil droplet size In water. From Eq. 1, it can be seen that separation of oil droplets from water is easier than separation of water droplets from oil. Oil viscosity is 5 to 20 times that of water. Primary purpose of three-phase separation is to prepare oil for further treating. Field experience indicates that oil content in produced water from a three-phase separator, sized for water removal from oil, can be expected to be between a few hundred and 2,000 mg/1. This water will require further treating which will be discussed in another section. Sizing for oil droplet removal from the water phase does not appear to be a meaningful criteria. 

Most components of an oil field process system rely on gravity separation. This can be the primary separation of oil, gas, and water or the further refinement of these products 1n an oil, water, or gas treater. The gravity separation process by Its very nature requires quiescence. Transmission of... 

In Oil/Water Separation by Induced-Air Flotation by Sylvester and Byeseda, an induced-air flotation pilot unit was used to study the separation of oil from bnne solutions. Variations in the inlet oil concentration, vessel, residence time, air flow rate, bubble diameter, oil-drop diameter, temperature. NaCI concentration, and cationic polyelectrolyte concentration were evaluated. On a multistage unit, the majority of the oil removal occurred in the first stage. Oil-drop and air-bubble diameters have the most significant effects on oil-removal rates. 

Most of the principles involved in tie separation of oil and water in production operations are quite well understood. Based on these principles, It is easy to arrive at a required treat-cent or residence time for separation using semierr.pirical methods or simple batch tests. 

Find the dimensions of a drum for the separation of oil and water at these conditions ... 

Statement 6. Satisfactory separation of oil from sand by the hot water process is impossible unless the natural packing of the bituminous sand is completely broken down in the pulping operation and unless the pulp is subsequently dispersed in excess water. The mineral particles and oil flecks must be free to move independently of each other under the influence of the small forces upon which the process depends. 

Water wets quartz and other siliceous minerals more readily than does mineral oil. Consequently, when bituminous sand is mixed with water, the already existing separation of oil from sand surfaces by water is at least preserved, and may be extended if not already complete. 

Kneading of tar sand with water to agglomerate oil into balls separation of oil balls by screening, etc. 

The use of terpenoids, usually as mixtures prepared from plants, dates from antiquity. The several essential oils produced by distillation of plant parts contained the plant essences. These oils have been employed in die preparation of perfumes, flavorings, and medidnals. Examples are oils of clove (local anesthetic in toothache), lemon (flavoring), lavender (perfume), and juniper (diuretic). Usually essential oil production depends on a simple technology which often involves steam distillation of plant material The perfume industry of Soudiem France uses somewhat more sophisticated procedures in the isolation of natural flower oils since these oils are heat sensitive. The separation of oils from citrus fruit residues m California and Florida is done by machine. 

Demulsifier that can be used to enhance the separation of oil from water and solids, in an emulsion, in the centrifuge test for determining basic sediment and water (BS W). Also termed slugging compound . 

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