Of polar organic compounds

Novogrodsky A, Dvir A, Ravid A, Shkolnik T, Stenzel KH, Rubin AL, Zaizov R. (1983) Effect of polar organic compounds on leukemic cells. Butyrate-induced partial remission of acute myelogenous leukemia in a child. Cancer 51 9-14. 

Hennion MC, Coquart V. 1993. Comparison of reverse-phase extraction sorbents for the on-line trace enrichment of polar organic compounds in environmental aqueous samples. J Chromatogr 642 211-224... 

Under certain conditions, fuel detergents, corrosion inhibitors, and other performance-enhancing additives can emulsify with water to form water-in-oil emulsions. Conditions of low pH, high pH, or high additive concentration may enhance the emulsification of polar organic compounds into fuel. 

Pate, B., R. K. M. Jayanty, M. R. Peterson, and G. F. Evans, Temporal Stability of Polar Organic Compounds in Stainless Steel Canisters, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 42, 460-462 (1992). 

MacFarlane et al. [7] have investigated the extraction of polar organic compounds (acids, alcohols, and functionalized aromatic compounds) into nine hydrophobic ILs, namely, [C4CiIm][PFg] [C4QIm][Tf2N], [CgCiIm][Tf2N],... 

Other solid sorbents have been found more suitable than charcoal for a number of compounds. Silica gel and alumina have been used as a complement to charcoal when sampling polar compounds, but water vapor is strongly adsorbed on these sorbents which leads to deactivation of the sorbent and breakthrough of the compounds by frontal elution. Difficulties also arise with compounds that hydrolyze easily. Alternative sorbents for the collection of polar organic compounds which are sensitive to hydrolysis are porous polymers such as the Chromosorb porous polymer series, Porapak porous polymer series, Tenax-GC and Amberlite XAD sorbent series. 

Environmental research interests have recently extended from persistent hydrophobic organic chemicals to more hydrophilic organic compounds. The latter include some polar pesticides, many pharmaceuticals and personal care products, microbial toxins, and endocrine disrupting compounds.4 Polar organic compounds are often present at low concentrations in the aquatic environment, which poses a problem for most conventional sampling and analytical procedures. Recently, considerable effort has been directed toward the development of extraction methods suitable for the preconcentration of polar organic compounds commonly found in water bodies. Many of these methods use... 

N. G. Gaylord and R. Mehta, Peroxide-catalyzed Grafting of Maleic Anhydride onto Molten Polyethylene in the Presence of Polar Organic Compounds, J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem., 26, 1189-1198 (1988). 

One important potential application of supercritical extraction is the recovery of polar organic compounds from aqueous solutions. Such mixtures arise frequently as products of biochemical syntheses. In many cases, the costs of the energy-intensive separations are high and there is substantial incentive for the development of more efficient processes. 

Liu, Q.T., Chen, R., et al (2003a) Characterization of polar organic compounds in the organic dim on indoor and outdoor glass windows. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(11) 2340-2349. 

Rykowska, I., Wasiak, W. Novel stir-bar sorptive extraction coating based on chemical bonded silica for the analysis of polar organic compounds and heavy metal ions. Mendeleev Commun 23(2), 88-89 (2013)... 

The ARALEX process is relatively simple and involves inexpensive and readily available chemicals. The ARALEX process can also be applied to other actinide waste streams which contain appreciable concentrations of polar organic compounds that interfere with conventional actinide ion exchange and liquid-liquid extraction procedures. One such application is the removal of detergents from laundry or clean-up solutions contaminated with actinides. 

Experimental advantages of the partition chromatography method over the methods discussed above are as follows it is relatively fast and labor saving, and it allows one to work with rather impure compounds when only very small amounts of sample are available. The main drawback of the method is, in our opinion, the need to use an organic solvent or a mixture of solvents which restricts the applicability of the method for the study of many biological solutes and, as indicated above, leads to an ambiguity of the estimates of the relative hydrophobic character of polar organic compounds. 

Grant et al. (1984) proposed an equation that better represents the temperature dependence of the molar solubility of polar organic compounds in water ... 

One of the earliest reports of SFC interfaced with APCI was by Huang et al. [121]. The authors used a pin-hole restrictor to maintain supercritical fluid conditions in a packed-column (pcSFC) system. Results for a mixture of five corticosteoids were described with an injection of 25 ng of each of the components. The system was also amenable for capillary SFC/MS applications with minimum modification. Sadoun and Virelizier [122] reported an SFC interface with ESI in which a two-pump SFC and a packed column were used with the outlet directly interfaced to an ESI source of a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Also, 1-30% (v/v) of polar organic modifier (Me0H-H20 95 5) was added to CO2 mobile phase to help elute polar organic compounds. The setup was shown to allow analysis of polar organic compounds that were difficult to analyze with earlier implementations of SFC-MS with a chemical ionization interface. A recent review article is available on pcSFC-MS [123]. 

The solubilization of polar organic compounds, and particularly of surfactants that do not form micelles, has a somewhat different character. The presence of both polar and non-polar regions in the molecules of such substances results in an incorporation of these solubilizing molecules into micelles along with the original surfactant molecules forming the micelles. Micelles of mixed composition, shown in Fig. VI-15, are formed as a result [13,14, 17]. 

Silica, and to a lesser extent alumina, are the most common stationary phases used for the separation of low molecular mass organic compounds. Chemically bonded silica sorbents are used for the separation of polar organic compounds in the normal-phase and reversed-phase modes. Wide-pore, chemically bonded sorbents, are used for the separation of biopolymers [18,22]. Some separations require specially prepared stationary phases, such as silica gel impregnated with silver nitrate for the isolation of unsaturated compounds capable of forming charge transfer complexes with silver [23] (section 10.6.1), or silica and chemically bonded phases coated with cellulose tris(3,5-... 

Dr. Larson has worked principally in the specific research areas of environmental photochemistry (kinetics, mechanisms, and products of light-induced reactions of environmental significance), disinfectant chemistry (ozone, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide and their reactions with organic compounds), and natural product chemistry. He is especially interested in the reactions of polar organic compounds of potential environmental health significance. 

A small, 20 X 1 mm ID, monolithic rod, obtained by the polymerization of 80% tec/i-DVB in a mixture of dodecanol and toluene, was employed for the solid-phase extraction of polar organic compounds from aqueous solutions [415]. It was demonstrated again that by maintaining constant dilution of the monomer and changing only the weight percent ratio of toluene to dodecanol from 2 58 to 10 50, it is possible to increase the surface area of the sorbent from 188 to 348m /g and to reduce the mean pore diameter... 

In the past two decades, LC-MS has become a generally accepted analytical technique in many fields of analyses. In the environmental analysis of organic pollutants besides GC-MS LC-MS has gained importance for the determination and identification of polar organic compounds (cf. Tab. 15.1-15.3), though the role of the application to the analysis of inorganics should not be forgotten [577-581]. 

Chemically modified polymeric sorbents have also been introduced in the recently years. The introduction of polar groups such as alcohol, acetyl, and the sulfonate group into PS-DVB greatly increases the retention of polar organic compounds. The comparative recovery study was performed for extraction of polar compounds such as phenols, aromatic, and pyridinic compounds with three types of PS-DVB-based sorbents and C-18 silica the results are shown in Table 10.5. The recoveries by using PS-DVB-CH3OH... 

Gaylord, N. G. and Mishra, M. K. 1983. Nondegradative reaction of maleic anhydride and molten polypropylene in the presence of peroxides. Journal of Polymer Science Letters 21 23-30. Gaylord, N. G. and Mehta, R. 1988. Peroxide-catalyzed grafting of maleic anhydride onto molten polyethylene in the presence of polar organic compounds. Journal of Polymer Science, Part A Polymer Chemistry 26 1189-1198. 

Fig. 5-26 Chromatogram of polar organic compounds on lithium chloride [102].

P. J. Dumont and ). S. Fritz, Effect of resin sulfonation on the retention of polar organic compounds in solid-phase extraction, /. Chromatogr. A, 691,123, 1995. 

---