Odors 800 INDEX

Propane is a colorless, highly flammable/explosive gas that is heavier than air. It occurs in natural gas at concentrations from 3% to 18%. It is emitted into the atmosphere from furnaces, automobile exhausts and sources of natural gas. With sufficient oxygen, it is combusted to carbon dioxide and water but carbon monoxide, a deadly gas, will be generated under leaner conditions. Some references state that propane is odorless while others provide an odor threshold of 22 000-36 000 mg m (odor index = 425 at 20°C). In air, 1 ppm propane = 1.83 mg m. ... 

TABLE III.1 Odor Recognition Concentration and Odor index of Seiected Compounds... 

Compound/Class Odor Recognition Concentration (100%) Odor Index ... 

Table III.l presents the 100% odor recognition concentrations and the odor index for some selected classes of compounds that are hazardous (toxic and/or flammable). It may...

Chloroacetyl chloride [79-04-9] (CICH2COCI) is the corresponding acid chloride of chloroacetic acid (see Acetyl chloride). Physical properties include mol wt 112.94, C2H2CI2O, mp —21.8 C, bp 106°C, vapor pressure 3.3 kPa (25 mm Hg) at 25°C, 12 kPa (90 mm Hg) at 50°C, and density 1.4202 g/mL and refractive index 1.4530, both at 20°C. Chloroacetyl chloride has a sharp, pungent, irritating odor. It is miscible with acetone and bensene and is initially insoluble in water. A slow reaction at the water—chloroactyl chloride interface, however, produces chloroacetic acid. When sufficient acid is formed to solubilize the two phases, a violent reaction forming chloroacetic acid and HCl occurs. 

Fig. 3. (a) Flame ionization detector (fid) response to an extract of commercially processed Valencia orange juice, (b) Gas chromatography—olfactometry (geo) chromatogram of the same extract. The abscissa in both chromatograms is a normal paraffin retention index scale ranging between hexane and octadecane (Kovats index). Dilution value in the geo is the -fold that the extract had to be diluted until odor was no longer detectable at each index. 

Because the quality and health aspects of foods cannot be measured by a single index, it necessarily follows that the subject of control methods in the canned food industry is very broad, and includes chemical, physical, organoleptic, and bacteriological tests, only the first of which is discussed here. The measurement of color, odor, optical clarity, texture, viscosity, and chemical composition has been used to evaluate canned foods, but in many cases the methods that are applicable to one product are either not applicable to another, or can be used only after considerable modification. 

Parathion (0,0-diethyl 0-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate) is an ester of thiophosphoric acid with the empirical formula C10H14NO5PS. It is a high boiling deep-brown to yellow liquid, some samples of which possess a characteristic odor. Its boiling point has been calculated to be 375 0 C. or higher, at 760 mm. pressure its refractive index is n 5 1.15360 specific gravity is 1.26. The vapor pressure is 0.0006 mm. of mercury at 24° C. The technical grade has a purity of approximately 95%. 

BARTH, C.L., HILL, D.T. POLKOWSKI, L.B. (1974). Correlating odor intensity index and odorous components in stored dairy manure. Transaction of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 17 (4), 742-744. 

The natural gas after appropriate treatment for acid gas reduction, odorization, and hydrocarbon and moisture dew point adjustment (ASTM D1142) would then be sold within prescribed limits of pressure, calorific value, and possibly, the Wobbe Index [(calorific value)/(specific gravity)]. 

Since the publication of the third edition, additional data have been critically reviewed. New or additional data included in this edition are bioconcentration factors, aquatic mammalian toxicity values, degradation rates, corresponding half-lives in various environmental compartments, ionization potentials, aqueous solubility of miscellaneous compounds, Henry s law constants, biological, chemical, and theoretical oxygen demand values for various organic compounds. Five additional tables have been added Test Method Number Index, Dielectric Values of Earth Materials and Fluids, Lowest Odor Threshold Concentrations of Organic Compoimds in Water, and Lowest Threshold Concentrations of Organic Compounds in Water. 

CASRN 106-98-9 DOT 1012 molecular formula C4H8 FW 56.11 Merck Index 12, 1548 Physical state, color, and odor ... 

Some experiments have failed to demonstrate an effect of maternal odors on stressed offspring. The heart rate rose in rat pups removed from their home cage and placed in an unfamiliar environment this was taken as an index of fear. Tests with mothers and soiled bedding from mothers or other rat pups showed that tactile and thermal stimuli reduced fear in 16-day old pups, but olfactory cues from the mother or odors from the home cage did not (Siegel et ah, 1988). 

White crystal or granule strong saline taste no odor slightly hygroscopic density 2.429 g/cm at 25°C refractive index 1.712 subhmes at elevated temperatures vapor pressure 54.75 torr at 300°C and 758.2 torr at 395°C highly soluble in water 60.6 g and 75.5 g/100 mL at 0° and 20°C, respectively—solubility increasing approximately 16 to 18 g/100 mL for every 20°C increase in temperature. 

Dark reddish-brown liquid the only nonmetallic element that is a liquid at ambient temperatures strong disagreeable odor volatilizes density 3.12 g/mL at 20°C vapor density 7.59 g/L refractive index 1.6475 boils at 58.8°C solidifies at -7.2°C vapor pressure 64 torr at 0°C and 185 torr at 22°C critical temperature 315°C critical pressure 102 atm critical volume 127 cm /mol surface tension 39.8 dynes/cm at 25°C electrical resistivity 6.5 x 10i°ohm-cm at 25°C sparingly soluble in water (2.31 g/lOOg at 0°C and 3.35 g/lOOg at 25°C) soluble in common organic solvents. 

Pure compound is white cubic crystal or powder impure or luminous calcium sulfide is pale yellow to light gray bitter taste odor of H2S in moist air hygroscopic refractive index 2.137 hardness 4.0 Mohs density 2.59 g/cm melts at 2,525°C slightly soluble in water insoluble in alcohol soluble in acids with decomposition. 

Colorless liquid commercial grade has a pungent disagreeable odor, in its purest form the odor is sweet and pleasant flammable refractive index 1.6295 density 1.261 g/mL at 20°C boils at 46.3°C freezes at -110.8°C critical temperature 279°C, critical pressure 77.97 atm, critical volume 173 cm3/mol slightly soluble in water, 0.29 g/lOOg at 20°C soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, and oils forms an azeotrope with water (CS2 H2O = 97.2%)... 

Colorless gas strong, pungent odor gas density 2.985 g/L hquid density 1.114 g/mL at 0°C refractive index 1.4538 (at 0°C) vapor pressure 588 torr at 0°C liquefies at 6.8°C freezes at -111.3°C burns with a blue sooty flame reacts... 

Colorless noncombustible liquid chloroform-like odor refractive index 1.4601 density 1.5867g/mL at 20°C boils at 76.8°C freezes at -23°C critical temperature 283.5°C, critical pressure 44.57 atm, critical volume 276 cm /mol practically insoluble in water soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzene. 

Colorless, mobile, fuming liquid ammoniacal odor density 1.0045 g/mL at 25°C refractive index 1.46044 at 22°C solidifies at 2°C to a white crystalline... 

Colorless fuming hquid faint odor refractive index 1.4284 density 1.032 g/mL boils at 119°C sohdifies at -51.7°C miscible with water and alcohol insoluble in chloroform, methylene chloride, and ether. 

Colorless gas characteristic odor of rotten eggs odor threshold Ippm sweetish taste fumes in air flammable gas, bums with a pale blue flame refractive index at 589.3nm, 1.000644 at 0°C and 1 atm density 1.539 g/L at 0°C critical temperature 100.4°C critical pressure 88.9 atm liquefies at -60.7°C solidifies at -85.5°C velocity of sound 289 m/sec in H2S gas slightly soluble in water (0.4% at 20° C) pH of a saturated aqueous solution 4.5 slightly acidic diffusivity in water at 16°C, 1.77x10 cm /sec soluble in carbon disulfide, methanol, acetone very soluble in N-methylpyrrolidinone and alka-nolamines (salt formation occurs salt dissociates on heating) liquid H2S dissolves sulfur and SO2. 

Colorless hquid sweet faint odor refractive index 1.5452 flammable volatile density 3.19 g/mL at 20°C boils at 94°C sohdifies at -43°C insoluble in water soluble in ether and alcohols. 

Pale blue gas (in undiluted form) irritating odor above a concentration of 0.15 ppm, but the odor may be pleasant and refreshing at about 0.05 ppm density of gas 2.144g/L at 0°C liquefies at -111.9°C to a dark blue liquid density of liquid ozone 1.614 g/L at -195.4°C refractive index of liquid 1.2226 freezes at -192.7° C to a bluish-black solid critical temperature -12.05°C critical pressure 54.98 atm critical volume 89cm3/mol sbghtly soluble in water. 

Colorless fuming liquid pungent odor refractive index 1.516 at 14°C density 1.574g/mL at 21°C hods at 76°C freezes at -112°C decomposes in water soluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, ether and chloroform and other halo-genated organic solvents. 

Yellowish red oily liquid pungent penetrating odor fumes in air refractive index 1.670 at 20°C density 1.69 g/mL dipole moment 1.60 dielectric constant 4.9 at 22°C freezes at -77°C boils at 137°C reacts with water soluble in ethanol, benzene, ether, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride dissolves sulfur at ambient temperature (67 g/100 g sulfur chloride). 

Pale yellow to red fuming liquid suffocating odor refractive index 1.517 at 20°C density 1.631 g/mL at 20°C freezes at -101°C bods at 75.6°C decomposes at 140°C decomposes in water soluble in benzene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. 

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