Ocular drugs

Lee, V.H.L. Robinson, J.R. "Review topical ocular drug delivery recent developments and future challenges" Journal of Ocular Pharmacology, 1986,1,67. 

An erodible insert developed as a potential ocular drug-delivery system is marketed as a prescription drug for the lubricant properties of the polymer base. Lacrisert is a sterile ophthalmic insert used in the treatment of moderate to severe dry eye syndrome and is usually recommended for patients unable to obtain symptomatic relief with artificial tear solutions. The insert is composed of 5 mg of hydroxypropylcellulose in a rod-shaped form about 1.27 mm diameter by about 3.5 mm long. No preservative is used, since it is essentially anhydrous. The quite rigid cellulose rod is placed in the lower conjunctival sac and first imbibes water from the tears and after several hours forms a... 

A. K. Mitra, ed. Ocular Drug Delivery Systems, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993. 

J. Liaw and J. R. Robinson, Ocular penetration en-chancers, in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems (A. K. Mitra, ed.), Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp. 369-381. 

Prodrugs Topical and Ocular Drug Delivery, edited by Kenneth B. Sloan... 

Nevertheless, there are reports on enhancement of ocular drug absorption by bile salts [33], surfactants [200], and chelators [149], Newton et al. [35] demonstrated that Azone, an enhancer widely tested in transdermal drug delivery [201], increased the ocular absorption of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant, by a factor of 3, thereby prolonging the survival of a corneal allograft. In 1986, Lee et al. [34] reported that 10 pg/mL cytochalasin B, an agent capable of condensing the actin microfilaments, increased the aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body concentrations of topically applied inulin (5 kDa) by about 70% and 700%, respectively, in the albino rabbit. 

NM Davies, SJ Farr, J Hadgraft, IW Kellaway. (1991). Evaluation of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery. I. Viscous solutions. Pharm Res 8 1039-1043. 

VHL Lee. (1993). Improved ocular drug delivery by use of chemical modification (prodrugs). In P Edman, ed. Biopharmaceutics of Ocular Drug Delivery. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, pp 121-143. 

VHL Lee, KW Morimoto, RE Stratford Jr. (1982). Esterase distribution in the rabbit cornea and its implications in ocular drug bioavailability. Biopharm Drug Dispos 3 291-300. 

AM Luo, H Sasaki, VHL Lee. (1991). Ocular drug interactions involving topically applied timolol in the pigmented rabbit. Curr Eye Res 10 231-240. 

Octynoic acid, 5 34t Ocular drug delivery, 9 50 Ocular infections, sulfonamides for, 23 499 ODA/PPTA fibers, uses for, 19 734-735 Oddy test, in fine art examination/ conservation, 11 409 O-dealkylation, 9 441 Odometric titration method, 14 59 Odontalag, molecular formula and structure, 5 9 It Odor... 

J. J. Yang, H. Ueda, K. Kim, and V. H. Lee. Meeting future challenges in topical ocular drug delivery Development of an air-interfaced primary culture of rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells on a permeable support for drug transport studies. J Control Release 65 1-11 (2000). 

Since most eye medications need to enter the eye for a pharmacological effect, ocular drug delivery is a major issue in ocular research. Generally, three routes into the eye have been described in the literature [24] ... 

The transcorneal route. This is still the major pathway for ocular drug delivery, representing the direct pathway into the eye and is applicable for most of drug substances. 

If the medical drug is applied topically to the eye, another important factor for ocular drug delivery and penetration has to be taken in account that is, the precorneal clearance which rapidly reduces the drug amount available for penetration. Thus, it is a major factor to take into consideration while evaluating (transcorneal) absorption. So far, due to experimental limitations, not much thought has been given to precorneal clearance in cell-based in vitro models. 

Scholz M, Schrunder S, Gartner S, Keipert S, Hartmann C, Pleyer U. Ocular drug permeation following experimental excimer laser treatment on the isolated pig eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 18 177-183 (2002). 

Keywords Ocular drug delivery Noncorneal route Transporters Iontophoresis Endocytosis Dry eye Inflammation Subconjunctival injections... 

Chapter 13 The Conjunctival Barrier in Ocular Drug Delivery 309... 

K. Hosoya, V. H. Lee, and K. J. Kim. Roles of the conjunctiva in ocular drug delivery a review of conjunctival transport mechanisms and their regulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 60 227-240 (2005)... 

---