Ocular burning

Adverse reactions associated with use of the carbonic anyhydrase inhibitors include ocular burning, stinging, or discomfort immediately after administration, bitter taste, ocular allergic reaction, blurred vision, tearing, dryness, dermatitis, foreign body sensation, ocular discomfort, photophobia, and headache. 

Although mild, the adverse reactions associated with the mast cell inhibitors include headache, rhinitis, unpleasant taste, asthma, and cold/flu symptoms. These drug may also cause ocular burning or irritation, dry eye, eye redness, foreign body sensation, and ocular discomfort. 

Ophthalmic - Bimatoprost-associated ocular adverse events that occurred in 3% to 10% of patients, in descending order of incidence, included the following Ocular dryness, visual disturbances, ocular burning, foreign body sensation, eye pain, pigmentation of the periocular skin, blepharitis, cataract, superficial punctate keratitis, eyelid erythema, ocular irritation, eyelash darkening. 

Lodoxamide (Alomide) [Antihistamine] U e V nal conjunc-Action Stabilizes mast cells Dose Adults Feds >2 y. 1-2 gtt in eye(s) qid = 3 mo Caution [B, ] Disp Soln SE Ocular burning, stinging, HA EMS None OD Unlikely... 

Merle, H., Donnio, A., Ayeboua, L., Michel, F, Thomas, F, Ketterle, J., et al. Alkali ocular burns in Martinique (French West Indies) evaluation of the use of an amphoteric solution as the rinsing product. Bums 31, 670-673 (2005)... 

Gerard, M., Merle, H., Chiambaretta, R, Rigal, D., Schrage, N. An amphoteric rince used in the emergency treatment of a serious ocular burn. Burns 7,670-673 (2002)... 

Fig. 7.12 Recurrent ulcer of the cornea after ocular burn by alkali (12.8% ammonia, pH = 11.5)...

The syndrome of LSC deficiency is characterized by the invasion of the corneal surface by a conjunctival type of epithelium. In this epithelium, the presence of calciform cells is phatognomic of the syndrome of LSC deficiency. The latter is highlighted by a late and bad quality reepithelialization and a superficial and stromal neovascularization. The grading of ocular burns such as proposed by Dua and Wagoner are based on the importance of the LSC deficit [15, 16]. 

Dermal/Ocular Effects. Skin and ocular burns, caused by contact with silver nitrate, have been reported in workers (Moss et al. 1979 Rosenman et al 1979). 

MIC produced ocular burning, watering, pain, and photophobia (Andersson et al, 1984, 1985, 1988 Dwivedi et al, 1985), conjunctivitis, and comeal opacity (Maskati, 1986). Within the first 2 weeks of disaster Anderson et al. (1988) found no case of blindness in a community-based survey surprisingly, the incidences of photophobia and interpalpe-bral erosion were highest in areas where the death rates were lowest. 

A combination product of timolol 0.5% and dorzolamide 2% is available (Cosopt). This fixed-combination dosed twice daily is equivalent to dorzolamide 2% three times daily and timolol 0.5% twice daily dosed separately. Moreover, the combination product is more convenient, requiring one bottle and fewer drops per day than separate bottles. The combination product used twice daily has been compared with monotherapy with either dorzolamide 2% three times daily or timolol 0.5% twice daily. The mean reduction in lOP was 27.4% (-7.7 mm Hg), 15.5% (-4.6 mm Hg), and 22.2% (-6.4 mm Hg) for the combination product, dorzolamide, and timolol, respectively (Figure 10-16). The dorzolamide-timolol combination was compared with either individual component in patients not controlled on timolol twice daily alone. The combination product was more effective than either timolol 0.5% twice daily or dorzolamide 2% three times daily fitr up to 3 months. The most frequently reported ocular side effect was ocular burning or stinging, with the overall adverse effects being similar for the combination product and dorzolamide, but less for timolol. 

The substitution of brinzolamide for dorzolamide in addition to concomitant administration of timolol demonstrates equivalent lOP reduction but less ocular burning... 

Thermal and chemical burns account for 8% to 19% of traumatic eye injuries. Most burns are mild however, burns can potentially cause severe cosmetic and visual impairment. Most ocular burn victims are males with an average age of 28 to 36 years. Alkali injuries are more frequent than acid or thermal injuries and are typically the most damaging. 

In two large, randomized controlled trials in 977 patients, the adverse effects associated with ciclosporin ophthalmic emulsion for the treatment of dry eye disease were minimal and consisted mostly of mild ocular burning and stinging (46). However, topical application of ciclosporin eye-drops was the suspected cause of severe visual loss with bilateral white comeal deposits in a 45-year-old patient with dry eye sjmdrome caused by graft-versus-host disease (47). Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray analysis suggested that the deposits contained ciclosporin. A reduction in tear clearance and compromised epithelial barrier function caused by the concomitant use of oxybu-procaine may have precipitated this adverse effect. 

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Dorzolamide Brinzolamide Decrease aqueous inflow Ocular burning and stinging, transient blurry vision, itching, conjunctivitis, superficial punctate keratitis, tearing, photophobia... 

Ocular burning Ocular erythema Ocular pain Ocular stinging... 

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