Lead, occupational exposure

Another occupational study failed to reveal any significant correlation between occupational lead exposure and diastolic and systolic blood pressure (Parkinson et al. 1987). After controlling for known risk factors (e.g., age, education, income, cigarette usage, alcohol consumption, and exercise), the association between exposure and blood pressure was found to be small and nonsignificant when a group of randomly selected white battery plant workers (n=270) was compared to 158 nonexposed workers. 

Not specified Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Lead and male reproductive function, evaluate impact of changes in indicators of semen quality and reproductive hormones as function of occupational lead exposure ILZRO... 

Baker EL, Feldman RG, White RF, et al. 1983. The role of occupational lead exposure in the genesis of psychiatric and behavioral disturbances. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 67 38-48. 

Coscia GC, Discalzi G, Ponzetti C. 1987. Immunological aspects of occupational lead exposure. Med Lav 78 360-364. 

Cunningham M. 1986. Chronic occupational lead exposure The potential effect on sexual function and reproductive ability in male workers. American Association of Occupational Health Nursing Journal 34 277-279. 

Glickman L, Valciukas JA, Lilis R, et al. 1984. Occupational lead exposure Effects on saccadic eye movements, lnt Arch Occup Environ Health 54 115-125. 

Grandjean P. 1979. Occupational lead exposure in Denmark Screening with the haematofluorometer. Br JInd Med 36 52-58. 

Grandjean P, Wulf HC, Niebuhr E. 1993. Sister chromatid exchange in response to variations in occupational lead exposure. Environ Res 32 199-204. 

Hakim RB, Stewart W, Tielsch J. 1989. A case-control study of parental occupational lead exposure and strabismus. Am J Epidemiol 130 834. 

Kang HK, Infante PF, Carra JS. 1980. Occupational lead exposure and cancer (letter). Science 207 935-936. 

Lilis R. 1981. Long-term occupational lead exposure, chronic nephropathy, and renal cancer A case report. Am J Ind Med 2 293-297. 

Min YI, Correa-Villasenor A, Stewart PA. 1996. Parental occupational lead exposure and low birth weight. Am J Ind Med 30(5) 569-578. 

Parkinson DK, Hodgson MJ, Bromet EJ, et al. 1987. Occupational lead exposure and blood pressure. Br JIndMed 44 744-748. 

Schwanitz G, Gebhart E, Rott HD, et al. 1975. [Chromosome investigations in subjects with occupational lead exposure.] Deutsch Med Wschr 100 1007-1011. (German)... 

Seppalainen AM, Hemberg S, Vesanto R, et al. 1983. Early neurotoxic effects of occupational lead exposure A prospective study. Neurotoxicology 4 181-192. 

Epidemiologic, experimental, and in vitro mechanistic data indicate that lead exposure elevates blood pressure in susceptible individuals. In populations with environmental or occupational lead exposure, blood lead concentration is linked with increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Studies of middle-aged and elderly men and women have identified relatively low levels of lead exposure sustained by the general population to be an independent risk factor for hypertension. In addition, epidemiologic studies suggest that low to moderate levels of lead exposure are risk factors for increased cardiovascular mortality. Lead can also elevate blood pressure in experimental animals. The pressor effect of lead may be mediated by an interaction with calcium mediated contraction of vascular smooth muscle, as well as generation of oxidative stress and an associated interference in nitric oxide signaling pathways. 

Joffe M, Bisanti L, Apostoli P, Shah N, Kiss P, Dale A, Roeleveld N, Lindbohm ML, Sallmen M, Bonde JP (1999) Time to pregnancy and occupational lead exposure. Asdepios. Scand J Work Environ Health, 26(1) 64-65. 

McGregor AJ Mason HJ (1990) Chronic occupational lead exposure and testicular endocrine function. Hum Exp Toxicol 9(6) 371-376. 

The increase in urinary N-acetyl- -D-glucosamini-dase (NAG) with increasing blood lead concentrations reflects the proximal tubule dysfunction seen in acute lead nephropathy rather than the chronic interstitial nephritis associated with occupational lead exposure [35, 36]. NAG excretion correlates positively with the blood lead concentration but not with the bone lead concentration [37]. Eicosanoid excretion in lead workers is similar to that in patients with essential... 

VIgeh M,Ghazlzadeh S, Yokayama K, SakaiT, Mazaheri M, Morita Y, Beheshti S, Kitamura F, Araki S. Relationship between increased blood lead and preganacy hypertension in women without occupational lead exposure In Tehran, Iran. Arch Environ Health 2004 59 70-75. 

The earliest American reports of psychiatric symptoms from adult exposures to inorganic lead described symptoms of insanity. With the institution of better working conditions and environmental controls, the frequency of severe poisonings declined in recent decades. Modern studies describe symptoms of depression, other mood complaints, or cognitive decline as primary effects of exposure. One meta-analysis of four studies comparing the risk of Alzheimer s disease from occupational lead exposure found no increased risk (Graves et al. 1991). 

Bromet EJ, Ryan CM, Parkinson DK Psychosocial correlates of occupational lead exposure, in Advances in Environmental Psychology, Vol 6 Exposure to Hazardous Substances Psychological Parameters. Edited by Lebovits AH, Baum A, Singer JE. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986, pp 19-31... 

Lancranjan I, Popescu HI, Gavanescu O, et al Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Health 30 396 101,1975 Landrigan P, Straub WE Occupational lead exposure aboard a tall ship. Am J Ind Med... 

Lucchini R, Albini E, Cortesi I, et al Assessment of neurobehavioral performance as a function of current and cumulative occupational lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 21 805-811, 2000... 

Meyer-Baron M, Seeber A A meta-analysis for neurobehavioural results due to occupational lead exposure with blood lead concentrations <70 pg/100 ml. Arch Toxicol 73 51011518, 2000... 

The PLACID hydrometallurgical process provides the benefit of minimal occupational lead exposure because there are no lead emissions or any lead dust from by-products or residues. 

Fugitive emissions and fugitive dusts can be measured with a personal monitor or high-volume filter equipment when studying internal emission sources. Working methods and personal practices are, however, the most important factors that affect occupational lead exposure, and all personnel involved in lead operations must be trained adequately in lead abatement strategies and informed of the results of observations and monitoring, whether a cause for concern or not. 

Lindbohm ml, Sallmen M, Anttila A, Taskinen H and Hemminki K (1991) Paternal occupational lead exposure and spontaneous abortion. Scand J Work Environ Health 17 95-103. 

A summary of two meta-analyses on neurobeha-vioural effects due to occupational lead exposure. 

Vi. Dosage and method of administration for lead poisoning (adults and children). Note Administration of EDTA should never be a substitute for removal from lead exposure. In adults, the federal OSHA lead standard requires removal from occupational lead exposure of any worker with a single blood lead concentration in excess of 60 mcg/dL or an average of three successive values in excess of 50 mog/dL. (However, recent declines in background lead levels and concern over adverse health effects of lower-level exposure support removal at even lower levels). Prophylactic chelation, defined as the routine use of chelation to prevent elevated blood lead concentrations or to lower blood lead levels below the standard In asymptomatic workers, is not permitted. Consult the local or state health department or OSHA (see Table IV-3, p 525) for more detailed information. 

Rahman, S., Khahd, N. Zaidi, J.H., Ahmad, S. Iqbal, M. Z. (2006) Non occupational lead exposure and hypertension in Pakistani adults. J.Zhepang University Science B. 9 732-737. 

C) Evaluation, in consultation with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, of health effects of low and high levels of occupational lead exposures on reproductive, neurological, renal, and cardiovascular health. 

The adult nervous system is a critical target for the toxic effects of lead. Effects on the central nervous system of lead workers include dose-related changes in cognitive and psychomotor performance and mood, neurodegenera-tive diseases, and neurophysiologic changes in the auditory, visual, and balance systems. Effects of occupational lead exposure on the peripheral nervous system at BLLs of 60-70 pg/dL are manifested as motor weakness with abnormahties in motor and sensory nerve conduction. No peripheral motor or sensory symptoms are known to occur at BLLs imder 40 pg/dL, but sensory nerve function is associated with lead dose. 

In adults who had past occupational lead exposure, BLL and bone lead were associated with decrements in cognitive performance years after the cessation of occupational exposure. The relationship between bone lead and cognitive performance was significant in workers older than 55 years old (Khalil et al. 2009a). 

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