Object comparisons

Right Fig. 4.2 Cross section of the test object. Comparison between the eddy eurrent density close to a crack in either a massive (bottom) or a stacked sample (top). 

In general, definitions for TEM resolution are more rigorous than for STEM and it is desirable to find common ground for an objective comparison between STEM and HRTEM resolution. Ultimately, one value of resolution lies in the separation of atom columns at non-periodic lattice sites as shown in Figure 3. ... 

Maga, J. A., Holm, D. G. (1992). Subjective and objective comparison of baked potato aroma as influenced by variety/clone. In G. Charalambous (Ed.), Food Science and Human Nutrition (pp. 537-541). Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 

COMPOSING ALTERNATIVES FOR COMPARISON. Table 8.6 presents a sample guide table for preparing one s own comparison of digital integration alternatives. This is a quasi-objective comparison method which can help in evaluation of alternative systems. Obviously different factors are important under different circumstances. Some factors, such as the requirement for the employment of external consultants, might be considered as negatives in... 

Harvin, Leray and Roudier (Ref. PTI ) and Chilton (Ref. PT2) were the two main references used to determine the process selection for this project. Reference PTI contains an objective comparison between the dual and single-pressure processes. It compares them on nearly all aspects, including capital and operating costs, process... 

R.L. Harvin, D.G. Leray and L.R. Roudier, Single Pressure or Dual Pressure Nitric Acid An Objective Comparison , Ammonia P/ant Safety, Volume 21, pp.1 73-183, AlChE, New York (1979). 

Nitric Acid An Objective Comparison , Ammonia Plant Safety, Volume 21, pp. 173-183 (1979). 

These inspections can be either informal or formal. The informal approach is to have a complete in-depth review of the entire process with a written report. The formal approach is to have a mock FDA inspection, which is extremely useful in identifying system and process failures at all levels. The latter offers practice in both preparing for and interacting with an FDA investigator as well as testing the breadth and depth of documentation that would be needed for the FDA inspection process. In all cases, the use of a third-party experts allows for a more objective evaluation of the entire process from a fresh pair of eyes and from someone who can offer an objective comparison against current industry standards. 

Direct comparison using a figure of merit for calibration error between a model built using an E-optimal subset and a model built using the complete set is impossible because of the different number of points in both sets. To ensure an objective comparison between the E-optimal model, we chose ten random sets of N= 10 points and computed the average C. Comparing these values with the Cp values for the E-optimal set in Table 8.20, it can be seen that E-optimal calibrations are in most cases close to or better (i.e., lower) than the average Cp values of the random sets. 

Figure 1, Chemical composition of objects Z71.16 and Z76J7 compared with that of 92 Chinese bronze vessels in the Freer Gallery of Art (7). (left) Shang and Early Chou vessels (right) Late Chou objects. Comparison of objects Z76.16 and Z76.17 with 92 Freer ceremonial vessels. The numbers in boxes show the number of vessels having the composition range enclosed. ( ), center of gravity of each distribution. The reported compositions of objects Z76.16 and Z76.17 are shown as Z76.1S—O body ) handle cover. Z76.17— body ...

The plotting deposition rates of different monomers with different feed rates in Normalized DR) versus W FM)cI FM)t coordinates would provide the most objective comparison of their tendencies with regard to deposition in CAT LCVD. In LCVD, it is very important that the polymerization (material formation) is atomic rather than molecular processes, implying that the depositing entities are fragmented species of the original monomer molecule. Therefore, the deposition rate in LPCAT polymerization is determined largely by the type of atoms contained in the monomer structure rather than by molecular structures. 

Empirical risking methods implicitly take account of the unpredictable complexities in fault zone structure which inevitably are present. The way forward is by further refinement of current empirical methods, i.e., by more detailed characterisation of sub-surface faults to allow more objective comparison of target faults and faults of known sealing behaviour. 

To guarantee an objective comparison of quality between different products, it would be necessary that all test methods stress each material in the same way and, therefore, produce analog results. Figure 53 shows that this is not the case. If the abrasion value obtained for rock salt with each test method is arbitrarily defined as unity, all other results obtained for each material would have to be at the same distance above or below line 1. It can be gleaned from Figure 53 that the various test methods do stress the materials differently. For example, material B yields an abrasion value equal to 0.41 times that of rock salt if drum method 2 is applied, while with method 5 a value is determined that is more than 1.7 times higher than that obtained for rock salt. Similar, lyit less pronounced, variations are found for all other abrasion test methods. 

Figure 9.12 ATR FT-IR imaging spectra of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) film measured with pressure stage 3 of the Ge ATR objective comparison of two spectra of the red (amorphous) and blue (crystalline) regions.

A. T. Hagler, S. Lifson, and P. Dauber,/. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 5122 (1979). Consistent Force Field Studies of Intermolecular Forces in Hydrogen-Bonded Crystals. 2. A Benchmark for the Objective Comparison of Alternative Force Fields. 

With the rapid proliferation of electrophoretic data, often on closely related systematic groups, it is becoming increasingly desirable to find a standard means of permitting objective comparisons of data from diverse sources and quantifying the various levels of experimental error involved in the different sets of data (11). 

Many processes are available to tackle the challenge of providing a safe and affordable drinking water. Case studies typically present one particular surface water and one treatment process. It seems that there is an urgent need to carry out research in a manner that provides comparable results which apply to a general surface water and which allow an objective comparison of relevant treatment processes. A clear understanding of the science of a natural water system and the engineering of treatment and their interaction seems essential. 

Hagler AT, Lifson S, Dauber P. Consistent force-field studies of intermolecular forces in hydrogen-bonded crystals. 2. A benchmark for the objective comparison of alternative force fields. J Am Chem Soc 1979 101 5122-5130. 

This ratio is also called the loading factor Lj. It uniquely determines the peak shsqie. Conversely, one can obtain the loading factor from an overloaded peak by simply measuring the retention factors at the begiiming and at the end of the peak. This allows an objective comparison of the loadability of different packings to each other. Of course, the underlying assumption is a common isotherm type, here a Langmuir isotheim. 

Because of the remissions common in the rheumatoid diseases, an objective comparison has proved difficult. 

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