Formal approach

Due to the immense importance of the issue of choosing between line and off-line mentoring relationships, as well as between an informal and formal approach for your mentoring scheme, these issues will be discussed in detail in Chapter 3. 

The formal approach of 2D correlation analysis to time-dependent spectral intensity fluctuations has been extended to UV, Raman [1010], and near-IR spectroscopy [1011-1014] 2D fluorescence is upcoming. 

One of the most usable approaches to distinguishing urban areas from other populated ones is the formal approach of population number. This approach is in wide usage in many countries, for example, in Denmark, where the area with a compact population of more than 250 people is considered as a town. However the functional approach, taking into account the labor types of the local population is also applied. For instance, in Russia the urban status requires that 75% of the local population should be employed in non-agricultural labor activity and the number of people should not be less than 12 thousand. 

The useful separation of static, dynamic, and interactive modeling of objects has been recognized in formal approaches for some time, although it has not been exploited in mainstream 00 methods. Among 00 methods, the idea was used in Fusion [Col93] and in a less obvious way in Syntropy [Cook94]. 

Based on the accessibility of high-quality experimental information, we now focus on aspects of model interrogation and analysis. The question how cells actually control and distribute their flux under different conditions requires a mathematical and formal approach to metabolic regulation. The knowledge obtained by quantitative experiments must be, in the sense of Section II.B, encoded into a mathematical system, scrutinized utilizing the tools of formal analysis, and eventually decoded back into predictions about the natural system. 

The primary goal of this book is to effectively impart a basic understanding of the methods to the reader. The more formally oriented reader will find a concise mathematical description of most of the methods. In addition, the important concepts are visualized by graphical schemes, making the formal approach more transparent. Some methods, however, required more mathematical effort for providing a deeper insight. 

One can try to figure out from the pictures how two diastereomeric intermediates are formed. It is more convenient to adopt a formal approach. We can explain the formation of enantiomers when a metal (even a bare Ag+ ion would do) co-ordinates to our alkene substrate, and equally so the formation of diastereomers in Figure 4.5. 

Most branches of theoretical science can be expounded at various levels of abstraction. The most elegant and formal approach to thermodynamics, that of Caratheodory [1], depends on a familiarity with a special type of differential equation (Pfaff equation) with which the usual student of chemistry is unacquainted. However, an introductory presentation of thermodynamics follows best along historical lines of development, for which only the elementary principles of calculus are necessary. We follow this approach here. Nevertheless, we also discuss exact differentials and Euler s theorem, because many concepts and derivations can be presented in a more satisfying and precise manner with their use. 

If a recommendation asks for a change in the process, the action must undergo a formal process hazard analysis (PHA) study, such as a HAZOP or other methodology, before implementation. This systematic and formal approach identifies and evaluates hazards associated with the proposed revisions. The study may uncover failure scenarios, adverse consequences, and obscure relationships that are not immediately apparent. The CCPS publication Hazard Evaluation Procedures i is an excellent guide to selection and proper application of PHA methodologies. 

Probabilistic methods can be applied in dose-response assessment when there is an understanding of the important parameters and their relationships, such as identification of the key determinants of human variation (e.g., metabolic polymorphisms, hormone levels, and cell replication rates), observation of the distributions of these variables, and valid models for combining these variables. With appropriate data and expert judgment, formal approaches to probabilistic risk assessment can be applied to provide insight into the overall extent and dominant sources of human variation and uncertainty. 

Harbola-Sahni approximation. Since these two approximations were derived by using completely different reasoning, their coincidence strongly enhances expectation that this function is very close to the exact v (r). See [35] for the latest review of the Harbola-Sahni work formalism approach to the theory of electronic structure. 

Two formal approaches have been established to solve isotopomer balances for biochemical networks in a generally applicable way (i) the transition matrix approach by Wiechert [22] and (ii) the isotopomer mapping matrix (IMM) approach by Schmidt et al. [14]. The matrix transition approach is based on a transformation of isotopomer balances into cumomer balances exhibiting a much greater simplicity. As shown, non-linear isotopomer balances can always be analytically solved by this approach [16]. The matrix transition approach was applied for experimental design of tracer experiments and for parameter estimation from labeling data [16,23]. 

It is all too common to see a conclusion that treatments are the same (or similar) simply on the back of a large p-value this is not necessarily the correct conclusion. Presentation of the 95 per cent confidence interval will provide a statement about the possible magnitude of the treatment difference. This can be inspected and only then can a conclusion of similarity be made if this interval is seen to exclude clinically important differences. We will return to a more formal approach to this in Chapter 12 where we will discuss equivalence and non-inferiority. 

Ensembles with well-separated constants, formal approach 123... 

A much derided term which refers to drug use which is relatively unproblematic and seen as a lifestyle choice The process of learning to live without drugs. May be formally approached in a residential rehabilitation centre. A broader usage of the term refers to almost any treatment Specialist service to which general practitioners and others may refer... 

The question of the efficiency of biological transport systems was examined extensively in the 1960s on the basis of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics. I think it would be appropriate to give a brief account of the treatment here, especially since Professor Prigogine s early work was the source of most of our ideas at the time. The formal approach of... 

Theme Level 1 (No Formal Approach) Level 2 (Process Defined) Level 3 (Proactively Managed) Level 4 (Continuous Improvement) Level 5 (Best in Class)... 

A previous version of this chapter has been discussed at the seminar on analytical and formalized approaches to social issues. University of Oslo, and the seminar on addiction, Russell Sage Foundation, New York. 1 am grateful to the participants for their comments. 

As a next step we combine the Lagrangian Equation (24-1) of an in-situ production/ consumption process, R(Ct), with the Eulerian view (Eq. 24-4) of transport and reaction. There are two ways to analyze the resulting situation, a more intuitive method and a formal approach. We elaborate on the former and explain the latter in Box 24.1. 

Inokuti and Hirayama [185] derived these expressions from a rather less formal approach by considering the ensemble-averaged rate of decay of each donor by energy transfer to each acceptor. A more detailed and general analysis has been given by Allinger and Blumen [186], Finally... 

It has been assumed that AM and FM control functions can be selected, based on experience and musical knowledge, to create a variety of instrumental-like sounds with a specific timbre. Nevertheless, a more formal approach is desired in the AM-FM analysis and synthesis. Justice [Justice, 1979] addressed the problem of finding an analysis technique which can yield the parameters of a given FM signal he also investigated the use of the FM synthesis model in representing a signal which consists of a sum of sine waves. 

A more formal approach requires a strict definition of temporal envelope... 

Provides a systematic and formalized approach to review proposed changes. A system helps ensure that change justification is documented and the right people are evaluating and approving each change, and identifies other systems impacted. 

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