Quasi-objects

COMPOSING ALTERNATIVES FOR COMPARISON. Table 8.6 presents a sample guide table for preparing one s own comparison of digital integration alternatives. This is a quasi-objective comparison method which can help in evaluation of alternative systems. Obviously different factors are important under different circumstances. Some factors, such as the requirement for the employment of external consultants, might be considered as negatives in... 

Within the constructivist historiography of localism, Bensaude-Vincent focused on the role of instruments, texts and language in the construction of Lavoisier s chemistry. She denied that experimental physics was the source of Lavoisier s work with the balance, which she linked instead to activities well beyond its use in the laboratory the question of the balance goes beyond the epistemological level to implicate the social dimension as well . Appealing to the constructivist views of Latour, Michel Serres and Norman Wise, Bensaude-Vincent treated the balance as a quasi-object , or force of mediation, which through... 

The results presented below were obtained using a 2 mm thick carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminate with 16 layers. The laminate was quasi isotropic with fiber orientations 0°, 90° and 45°. The laminate had an average porosity content of approximately 1.7%. The object was divided in a training area and an evaluation area. The model parameters were determined by data solely from the training area. Both ultrasound tranducers used in the experiment had a center frequency of 21 MHz and a 6 dB bandwidth of 70%. 

The factor A has been measured for a variety of samples, indicating that the approximation can be applied up to quasi-atomic resolution. In the case of biological specimens typical values of are of the order of 5-7%, as detemiined from images with a resolution of better than 10 A [37,38]- For an easy interpretation of image contrast and a retrieval of the object infomiation from the contrast, such a combination of phase and amplitude hifomiation is necessary. 

The steepest descent method is quite old and utilizes the intuitive concept of moving in the direction where the objective function changes the most. However, it is clearly not as efficient as the other three. Conjugate gradient utilizes only first-derivative information, as does steepest descent, but generates improved search directions. Newton s method requires second derivative information but is veiy efficient, while quasi-Newton retains most of the benefits of Newton s method but utilizes only first derivative information. All of these techniques are also used with constrained optimization. 

Small spherical viruses have a protein shell around their nucleic acid that is constructed according to icosahedral symmetry. Objects with icosahedral symmetry have 60 identical units related by fivefold, threefold, and twofold symmetry axes. Each such unit can accommodate one or severed polypeptide chains. Hence, virus shells are built up from multiples of 60 polypeptide chains. To preserve quasi-equivalent symmetry when packing subunits into the shell, only certain multiples (T = 1, 3, 4, 7...) are allowed. 

Many HVAC system engineering problems focus on the operation and the control of the system. In many cases, the optimization of the system s control and operation is the objective of the simulation. Therefore, the appropriate modeling of the controllers and the selected control strategies are of crucial importance in the simulation. Once the system is correctly set up, the use of simulation tools is very helpful when dealing with such problems. Dynamic system operation is often approximated by series of quasi-steady-state operating conditions, provided that the time step of the simulation is large compared to the dynamic response time of the HVAC equipment. However, for dynamic systems and plant simulation and, most important, for the realistic simulation... 

These methods utilize only values of the objective function, S(k), and values of the first derivatives of the objective function. Thus, they avoid calculation of the elements of the (pxp) Hessian matrix. The quasi-Newton methods rely on formulas that approximate the Hessian and its inverse. Two algorithms have been developed ... 

The term QSOs is used to cover both radio-loud quasi-stellar objects, commonly known as quasars , and radio-quiet objects that otherwise have similar characteristics. 

The system is some physical object, and its behavior can normally be described by equations. The system can be dynamic (discrete or continuous) or static. Here, we will refer to a process under steady-state behavior. Later in this book we will extend our attention to considering dynamic or quasi-steady-state situations. 

In the museum context, nondestructive (or quasi-nondestructive) techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (Chapter 5) are often preferred for the analysis of inorganic objects, although microanalysis by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) (Chapter 9) is growing in importance, since the ablation craters are virtually invisible to the naked eye. Raman and infrared spectroscopy (Chapter 4) are now being used for structural information and the identification of corrosion products to complement X-ray diffraction (Section 5.4). 

The influence of the appearance of such exotic states like quarks in stellar matter is topic of the study of quasi-stationary simulations of the evolution of isolated compact stars [15, 12, 7, 23] and accreting systems, where one companion is a superdense compact object [9,27], In this work we investigate the observability of the hadron-quark deconfinement phase transition in the dynamical evolution of a neutron star merger. 

Membrane-like microstructures are generally several micrometers thick, while the lateral dimensions of the structures and the surrounding package are on the order of a few hundred micrometers. If the layered thin-film structure would be directly transferred to a 3-d geometry model, an enormous number of finite elements would be created, as the smallest structure size determines the mesh density. Averaging the structural information and properties over the different layers in the cross section of the membrane is a good method to avoid such problems. The membrane is, therefore, initially treated as a quasi-two-dimensional object. 

Moduli spaces parameterizing objects associated with a given space X are rich source of spaces with interesting structures. They usually inherits structures of X, but sometimes even more they have more structures than X, or pull out hidden structures of X. The purpose of this note is to add an example of these phenomena. We study the moduli space parameterizing 0-dimensional subschemes of length u in a nonsingular quasi-projective surface X over C. It is called the Hilbert scheme of points, and denoted by X ... 

A number of studies have now been made, notably by Buchanan and coworkers, with the object of determining the position of the equilibrium between the various pairs of interconvertible epoxides the findings are summarized in Chart I. For the dianhydro compounds, the epoxides that contain the free hydroxyl group quasi-axial, and that also have the possibility of a polar interaction between the epoxide ring and the 1,6-anhydro bridge, are clearly less stable than those in which it is quasi-equatorial, although the relative importance of these two factors is uncertain. The situation is less clear for the monocyclic epoxides. The half-chair conformations indicated are considered to be favored on the basis that the alkyl... 

To proceed further, we have to make assumptions about the forms for Qn and em. These describe prior knowledge about the object and the noise. For simplicity, let all Qm be equal. This means that we have maximum conviction that the unknown spectrum is a flat one. Such a spectrum may be called quasi-featureless. This prior knowledge should exert a smoothing influence on the solution. Sure enough, by Eq. (58) the object is now being restored by a principle of maximum entropy H, known to foster smoothness in its outputs (Frieden, 1972). 

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