Sugar sources

In more detail the nutrient medium used may contain sources of carbon such as starch, hydrolyzed starch, sugars such as lactose, maltose, dextrose, sucrose, or sugar sources such as molasses alcohols, such as glycerol and mannitol organic acids, such as citric acid and acetic acid and various natural products which may contain other nutrient materials in addition to carbonaceous substances. 

Two types of bioreactors have been used to produce SCP from sugar sources, namely stirred/baffled type and the air-lift with draught tube type (figure 4-5), with various capacities up to 400 m. 

Figure 4.5 Fermentor types used in the production of SCP from sugar sources, (a) Stirred baffled system, (b) and (c) air lift systems...

Sulfur compounds such as furfuryl mercaptans have a rotten odor but in small amounts are coffee-like.15 Furfuryl mercaptan itself has an odor threshold of 0.005 ppb in water but at 10 ppb in water it imparts a distinctly stale odor.19 The particular precursors of furfuryl mercaptan seem to be the coffee cell wall material which contains both arabinogalactan as a pentose sugar source and protein such as glutathione.84 Other sulfur compounds such as kahweofuran and methyldithiofurans impart a meaty odor if their concentrations are high enough.19... 

However, there are also many important biological catalytic systems. Fermentation of sugars into ethanol has been practiced since the Stone Age, and we stiU have not improved these catalysts much from the naturally occurring enzymes that exist in the yeasts that are found naturally growing in natural sugar sources. 

While sugar solutions can be a significant item in the diet of ants, parasitoids are often entirely dependent on carbohydrates as an adult food source (Jervis et al., 1993). The parasitoids longevity and fecundity are usually subject to energetic constraints (Leatemia etal., 1995 Stapel etal., 1997 Wackers, 2001), whereas the parasitoids behavior can also be strongly affected by their nutritional state (Wackers, 1994 Takasu and Lewis, 1995). There is strong evidence that the availability of suitable sugar sources can play a key role in parasitoid host dynamics (Krivan and Sirot, 1997 Wackers, 2003). 

Del-Claro, K. and Oliveira, P. S. (1993). Ant-Homoptera interaction do alternative sugar sources distract tending ants Oikos 68 202-206. 

Figure 4-6 Relationship of D-Aldehyde Sugars. Source From M.L. Wolffom, Physical and Chemical Structures of Carbohydrates, in Symposium on Foods Carbohydrates and Their Roles, H.W. Schultz, R.F. Cain, and R.W. Wrolstad, eds., 1969, AVI Publishing Co.

The medium utilized to provide complete nutrition for the growth of different cell types is based on a standard minimum essential nutrient composition. Most media consist of a sugar source, minerals, vitamins, and amino acids. Serum, such as fetal bovine serum, commonly supplements the medium to enhance cell growth. Growth factors and cytokines are utilized to accelerate cell growth through interaction with specific cell receptors. Differentiation inducers are added to direct the differentiation pathway of stem cells. Impor-... 

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