Shampoos nonionic surfactants

Nonionie Detergents. Nonionic surfactants rarely are used as the primary cleansing additives ia shampoos. They are generally poor foaming, but have value as additives to modify shampoo properties, eg, as viscosity builders, solubilizers, emulsifiers, and conditioning aids. 

Baby Shampoos. These shampoos, specifically marketed for small children, feature a non-eye stinging quaHty. The majority of the products in this category are based on an amphoteric detergent system a system combining the use of an imidazoline amphoteric with an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant has been successfiiUy marketed (15,16). The sulfosuccinates also have been suggested for baby shampoo preparation because of thek mildness... 

Stearyl alcohol is a nonionic surfactant used as a hair coating in shampoos and conditioners. 

Nonionic surfactants like polyethylene glycol esters (PEG) are used as mild cleansers, or to add viscosity to mixtures such as shampoo. 

LDL compositions containing AOS, a sulfosuccinic acid ester, a zwitterionic and a nonionic surfactant have been described by Noguera et al. [76]. Such compositions have good cleaning and foaming power and are useful too for shampoo and laundry-cleaning purposes. 

The primary application of these alcohols is the manufacture of anionic or nonionic surfactants for personal cleansing products, most of which end up in your wastewater treatment plants and rivers. Microorganisms don t chew up branch-chain surfactants as well as they do the straight ones. It used to be, for example that the surfactant based on the sodium salt of dodecyl benzene sulfonate, a 12-carbon branch chained anionic surfactant, was found to be slowing, down water treatment processes. Dodecyl alcohol as a raw material for these surfactants has been largely replaced by laurel alcohol, a 12-carbon straight-chain, linear alcohol. If you look at the bottle next time you shampoo your hair and rinse, you ll see sulfonates based on laurel alcohol listed, but none based on dodecyl. 

Cosmetics are natural or synthetic toiletry products that are used to maintain hygiene and include externally applied products used to enhance appearance. This class includes dental products, bath supplies (e.g., bubble baths, body washes, and bath beads), powders, lotions, lipsticks, perfumes, colognes, shampoos, depilatories, and hair coloring/waving products. Most of these products contain alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, perborates, and anionic and nonionic surfactants. Use of cosmetics is as old as civilization itself. Centuries ago wealthy women would apply the white lead pigment known as ceruse to their faces to appear fashionably pale - sometimes with lethal consequences. Women also used belladonna alkaloids like atropine to dilate pupils to enhance the attractiveness of the eyes in the late nineteenth century. 

Fatty alkanolamides are another class of commonly employed nonionic surfactants. These are used in shampoos to enhance lather and viscosity. The most frequently used alkanolamides are cocoamide DEA (diethanolamide) and... 

Quaternized polymers have been found to improve wet combing and reduce static charge. In general, they can be formulated with anionic surfactants greater deposition occurs with a mixture of amphoteric and nonionic surfactants. Two of the most important examples are Polyquaternium-10, a quaternized hydroxyethylcel-lulose polymer, and Polyquaternium-7, a copolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride and acrylamide. These are the two most frequently used polymeric conditioning agents in commercial shampoos [46,47],... 

Among the more commonly used preservatives that do not release formaldehyde are parabens—Dowicil 200 and Kathon CG. Kathon is effective at extremely low concentrations, about 15 ppm. A commonly used mixture of parabens consists of 0.1% methyl paraben and 0.7% propyl paraben. This mixture of parabens is moderately effective alone but is more effective in combination with other preservatives. The European Economic Community (EEC) prohibits the use of parabens above 0.8%. Parabens like most phenolic preservatives are deactivated by nonionic surfactants therefore, parabens should not be used in nonionic formulations like baby shampoos. 

Baby shampoos (Table 5-4) and some light conditioning shampoos employ nonionic surfactants such as PEG-80 sorbitan laurate (or as low as 20 EOs) and amphoteric surfactants such as cocoamphocarboxyglycinate or cocoamidopropylhydroxysultaine to improve the mildness of anionic surfactants and at the same time to improve cleaning and lather performance. 

The formulation class (tooth paste, shampoo, fabric softener, etc.) provides basic information about the components present. Standard shampoo formulations contain two types of surfactants (either two anionic or one anionic and one amphoteric surfactant) foam booster (nonionic surfactant) conditioner, viscosity improver, opacifier, dye, perfume, chelate, and preservatives. Normally, formulated products are available as liquid, solid, emulsion, dispersion, etc, with a great number of components (in some cosmetic products there may be 20 components) and some of them, such as the preservatives, are found at low concentrations. 

Nonionic surfactants, such as fatty ethoxylated alcohols, are rarely used as primary surfactants in shampoos because of their poor foaming properties (Table 6.8). 

Amphoteric surfactants are finding increased use in shampoo formulations because of several benefits that are consumer perceivable. Amphoteric surfactants in general are known to be poor foamers when used alone,and milder than traditional primary surfactants. Their use therefore is in many baby shampoos that often consist entirely of them, and also they are often incorporated in formulations to mitigate the effects of harsher primary surfactants. " Amphoteric surfactants also maintain their compatibility with all anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants over a wide pH range. Combination of these surfactants with other anionic surfactants provides decreased irritancy of a formulation while increasing the active content level of the product and therefore the quality of the lather produced. 

Hair tresses (approximately 50 g each) were shampooed twice with the nonionic surfactant Tergitol 15-S-9 (Union Carbide Corp.) and rinsed thoroughly with running tap water. Each tress was then rinsed twice in 1 L of distilled water for 10 min, extracted in 500 ml ethanol at 30-40°C, and again rinsed twice in distilled water. 

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