Detergency nonionic surfactants

Organophosphorous product Nonionic surfactant Nonionic surfactant Detergent/degreaser Nonionic surfactant Nonionic surfactant Phosphate ester... 

Direct determination of the cationic surfactants (detergents) is advisable only if considerable differences arise in the determination of nonionic surfactants (detergents) with and without ion exchange. The method using bromophenol blue may be employed as a more semi-quantitative determination of cationic surfactants (detergents) in water. 

Nonionie Detergents. Nonionic surfactants rarely are used as the primary cleansing additives ia shampoos. They are generally poor foaming, but have value as additives to modify shampoo properties, eg, as viscosity builders, solubilizers, emulsifiers, and conditioning aids. 

Baby Shampoos. These shampoos, specifically marketed for small children, feature a non-eye stinging quaHty. The majority of the products in this category are based on an amphoteric detergent system a system combining the use of an imidazoline amphoteric with an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant has been successfiiUy marketed (15,16). The sulfosuccinates also have been suggested for baby shampoo preparation because of thek mildness... 

Emulsifiers. Removing the remover is just as important as removing the finish. For water rinse removers, a detergent that is compatible with the remover formula must be selected. Many organic solvents used in removers are not water soluble, so emulsifiers are often added (see Emulsions). Anionic types such as alkyl aryl sulfonates or tolyl fatty acid salts are used. In other appHcations, nonionic surfactants are preferred and hydrophilic—lipophilic balance is an important consideration. 

A detergent that is compatible with the remover formula must be developed for water rinse removers. Anionic or nonionic surfactants should be selected, depending on the pH and intended application of the remover. 

The higher aUphatic amine oxides are commercially important because of their surfactant properties and are used extensively in detergents. Amine oxides that have surface-acting properties can be further categorized as nonionic surfactants however, because under acidic conditions they become protonated and show cationic properties, they have also been called cationic surfactants. Typical commercial amine oxides include the types shown in Table 1. 

Sucrose monoesters (SMEs) are used as nonionic surfactants, in detergents and as emulsifiers in foods. Some SMEs have bacteriostatic activity and are used to prevent spoilage in beverages. Semperfresh, an SME produced in the U.K., is used as a coating to extend the shelf life of fmits and vegetables (21,29). 

Many benzenoid quaternary cationic surfactants possess germicidal, fungicidal, or algicidal activity. Solutions of such compounds, alone or in combination with nonionic surfactants, are used as detergent sanitizers in hospital maintenance. Classified as biocidal products, their labeling is regulated by the U.S. EPA. The 1993 U.S. shipments of cationic surfactants represented 16% of the total sales value of surfactant production. Some of this production is used for the preparation of more highly substituted derivatives (101). 

A series of sorbitol-based nonionic surfactants are used ia foods as water-ia-oil emulsifiers and defoamers. They are produced by reaction of fatty acids with sorbitol. During reaction, cycHc dehydration as well as esterification (primary hydroxyl group) occurs so that the hydrophilic portion is not only sorbitol but also its mono- and dianhydride. The product known as sorbitan monostearate [1338-41 -6] for example, is a mixture of partial stearic and palmitic acid esters (sorbitan monopalmitate [26266-57-9]) of sorbitol, 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol [154-58-8] 1,4-sorbitan [27299-12-3] and isosorbide [652-67-5]. Sorbitan esters, such as the foregoing and also sorbitan monolaurate [1338-39-2] and sorbitan monooleate [1338-43-8], can be further modified by reaction with ethylene oxide to produce ethoxylated sorbitan esters, also nonionic detergents FDA approved for food use. 

The surfactant most commonly used is the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulfate. Other surfactants that have been used include sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate [25155-30-0] sodium A/-lauroyl sarcosinate or Gardol [137-16-6] and sodium cocomonoglyceride sulfonate [3694-90-4]. Cationic and nonionic surfactants are not used for several reasons, including incompatibiUty with the abrasive system and lack of high foaming capabiUty. 

In wool-scouring systems for textile processing that contain nonionic surfactants, sodium chloride acts as a tme builder, ie, detergency promoter. 

Furthermore, in a series of polyoxyethylene nonylphenol nonionic surfactants, the value of varied linearly with the HLB number of the surfactant. The value of K2 varied linearly with the log of the interfacial tension measured at the surfactant concentration that gives 90% soil removal. Carrying the correlations still further, it was found that from the detergency equation of a single surfactant with three different polar sods, was a function of the sod s dipole moment and a function of the sod s surface tension (81). 

Protease performance is strongly influenced by detergent pH and ionic strength. Surfactants influence both protease performance and stabiUty in the wash solution. In general, anionic surfactants are more aggressive than amphoteric surfactants, which again are more aggressive than nonionic surfactants. 

AH detergent proteases are destabilized by linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS), the most common type of anionic surfactant in detergents. The higher the LAS concentration and wash temperature, the greater the inactivation of the enzyme. The presence of nonionic surfactants, however, counteracts the negative effect of LAS. Almost aH detergents contain some nonionic surfactant therefore, the stabHity of proteases in a washing context is not problematic. 

Nonionic Surface-Active Agents. Approximately 14% of the ethyleae oxide consumed ia the United States is used in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants. These are derived by addition of ethylene oxide to fatty alcohols, alkylphenols (qv), tall oil, alkyl mercaptans, and various polyols such as poly(propylene glycol), sorbitol, mannitol, and cellulose. They are used in household detergent formulations, industrial surfactant appHcations, in emulsion polymeri2ation, textiles, paper manufacturing and recycling, and for many other appHcations (281). 

Also called nonyl phenoxy ethoxylate, or nonyl phenol. Slow to biodegrade. Nonionic surfactant. Used in dry detergents. 

The composition of a typical IOS system prepared by Stapersma et al. [4] is shown in Table 2, along with the analytical data of an AOS with the same chain length. Compositions containing IOS, a nonionic surfactant, glycols, and another salt-tolerant anionic surfactant which are pourable and pumpable at 20°C and can be used in the manufacturing of detergent compositions, have also been described by Stapersma et al. [36]. 

Stable liquid detergents are obtained by polyacetalcarboxylate builders, ionic or nonionic surfactants, and common ingredients of detergents. If esters of phosphoric acid are used as anionic surfactants a detergent of this kind with 62% of water retained a single phase after a 30-day storage [213]. 

A great number of nonionic surfactants have been ethoxylated and subsequently reacted with P4O10. The acid phosphate esters from this reaction possess surface properties and detergency similar to the nonionic surface-active agents employed as reactants. Detergency tests and foam heights from the Ross-Miles method have been reported for a series of compounds. Various formulations for all-purpose cleaners are given as well [37,40,41,44,48]. 

Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) are nonionic surfactants that are used in the manufacturing of plastics, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics, herbicides, and industrial detergent formulations. Alkylphenols such as nonylphenol (NP) are the products of... 

Surfactant Biodegradation Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, R. D. Swisher Nonionic Surfactants Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross Detergency Theory and Technology, edited by W. Gaie Cutier and Erik Kissa Interfacial Phenomena in Apolar Media, edited by Hans-Friedrich Eicke and Geoffrey... 

Zhu, J. (2004). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of nonionic surfactants using electrospray ionization. J. Surfactants Detergents 7(4), 421 -23. 

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