Nicotine distribution

Pentel PR, Mabn DH, Ennifar S, Hieda Y, Keyler DE, Lake JR, MUstein JR, Basham LE, Coy RT, Moon JW, Naso R, Fattom A (2000) A nicotine conjugate vaccine reduces nicotine distribution to brain and attenuates its behavioral and cardiovascular effects in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65 191-198... 

Tobacco and its alkaloids have long ceased to have any therapeutic importance, but their extensive use as insecticides and the demand for nicotine for the manufacture of nicotinic acid have stimulated interest in processes of extraction and methods of estimation. On the latter subject there is a voluminous literature, of which critical resumes have been published by various authors.Recent work on this subject has been specially concerned with (1) the development of miero- and semi-miero-methods suitable for estimating nieotine in tobacco smoke and the distribution of nieotine on sprayed garden produce, in treated soils and in tobaeeo leaves,(2) the study of conditions necessary to ensure satisfactory results in using particular processes, " and (3) methods of separation and estimation of nicotine, nomicotine and anabasine in mixtures of these bases. ) In the United States and in Russia considerable interest is being shown in the cultivation of types of tobacco rich in nicotine, in finding new industrial uses for tobacco and its alkaloids, and in possible by-products from tobacco plants such as citric and malic acids, i " Surveys of information on tobacco alkaloids have been published by Jackson, i Marion and Spath and Kuffner. ... 

Figure 4.32 Histograms showing waste distribution profiies as a function of reaction stage for nicotine syntheses.

MDMA and MDE also produced locomotor patterns that differed significantly from other stimulants. Previous studies in rats have demonstrated that amphetamine-induced hyperactivity involves complex patterns of widely distributed locomotion with frequent directional changes (Geyer et al. 1986 Geyer et al. 1987). In contrast, similar levels of behavioral activation produced by scopolamine or apomorphine are associated with relatively smooth locomotor paths, in which the same movement patterns are frequently repeated. Other stimulants, such as caffeine or nicotine, increase the amount of locomotor activity without significantly altering its pattern (Geyer... 

Wooltorton, J.R., Pidoplichko, V.I., Broide, R.S., Dani, J. A. Differential desensitization and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in midbrain dopamine areas. J. Neurosci. 23 3176, 2003. 

Harkness, P., Millar, N. Changes in conformation and subcellular distribution of a4b2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors revealed by chronic nicotine treatment and expression of subunit chimeras. J. Neurosci. 22 10172, 2002. 

The individual subtypes of receptors often show discrete anatomical locations in the peripheral nervous system, and this has facilitated their classification. Nicotinic receptors are found in peripheral ganglia and skeletal muscle. Upon innervation of skeletal muscle, receptors congregate in the junctional or postsynaptic endplate area. Upon denervation or in noninnervated embryonic muscle, the receptors are distributed across the surface of the muscle,... 

Nicotinic receptors are widely distributed in the brain and are involved in a number of physiological processes. The prefrontal cortex is a major site for the cognitive effects of nicotine (Vidal 1996). Some of the cognitive benefits of nicotine may occur after chronic treatment, resulting in part from nicotinic receptor up-regulation in frontal, entorhinal, and dorsal hippocampal regions (Abdulla et al. 1996). Chronic nicotine treatment also increases the sensitivity of muscarinic receptors (Wang et al. 1996). 

Hara T, Komiyama T, Yokoi F. (1993). Distribution of llC-(R)nicotine in human brain measured by positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral blood flow. Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo. 13(3) 175-81. 

Segal M, Dudai Y, Amsterdam A. (1978). Distribution of an alpha-bungarotoxin-binding cholinergic nicotinic receptor in rat brain. Brain Res. 148(1) 105-19. 

Joshi M, Tyndale RF. 2006. Regional and cellular distribution of CYP2E1 in monkey brain and its induction by chronic nicotine. Neuropharmacology 50 568-575. 

Wada E, Wada K, Boulter J, Deneris E, Heinemann S, et al. 1989. Distribution of al, a3, a4, and 32 neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit mRNAs in the central nervous system a hybridization histochemical study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 284 314-335. 

An understanding of the pharmacology of nicotine and how nicotine produces addiction and influences smoking behavior provides a necessary basis for therapeutic advances in smoking cessation interventions. This chapter provides a review of several aspects of the human pharmacology of nicotine. These include the presence and levels of nicotine and related alkaloids in tobacco products, the absorption of nicotine from tobacco products and nicotine medications, the distribution of nicotine in body tissues, the metabolism and renal excretion of nicotine, nicotine and cotinine blood levels during tobacco use or nicotine replacement therapy, and biomarkers of nicotine exposure. For more details and references on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of nicotine, the reader is referred to Hukkanen et al. (2005c). 

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