Nickel mineral processing

The treatments used to recover nickel from its sulfide and lateritic ores differ considerably because of the differing physical characteristics of the two ore types. The sulfide ores, in which the nickel, iron, and copper occur in a physical mixture as distinct minerals, are amenable to initial concentration by mechanical methods, eg, flotation (qv) and magnetic separation (see SEPARATION,MAGNETIC). The lateritic ores are not susceptible to these physical processes of beneficiation, and chemical means must be used to extract the nickel. The nickel concentration processes that have been developed are not as effective for the lateritic ores as for the sulfide ores (see also Metallurgy, extractive Minerals recovery and processing). 

Dithiobenzoic acid metal complexes, 2, 646 colours, 2, 646 Dithiobiuret metal complexes, 2, 640 Dithiocarbamates chelating resins mineral processing, 6,826 Dithiocarbamic acid metal complexes, 2,585 amine exchange, 1,428 photographic emulsions, 6,98 nickel poisoning, 6,768 tellurium(Il) complexes photothermography, 6,121 Dithiocarbazic acid metal complexes, 2,803 Dithiocarbimic acid metal complexes, 2,588 Dithiocarbimic acid, cyano-metal complexes, 2,808 Dithiocarboxylic acids metal complexes, 2,646 Dithiodiacetic acid metal complexes, 2, 806 Dithiodiketones... 

V. H. Aprahamian and D. G. Demopoulos, The Solution Chemistry and Solvent Extraction Behaviour of copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead, tin, Ag, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium in Acid Chloride Solutions Reviewed from the Standpoint of PGM Refining, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Vol. 14, p. 143,1995. 

Duyvesteyn, W. P. C. Sabacky, B. J. Ammonia Leaching Process for Escondida Copper Concentrates (Reprinted from Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt. Vol. 1, 1993). Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. Sect. C-Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. 1995, 104, C125-C140. 

Virnig, M. J. Mackenzie, J. M. W. Wolfe, G. A. Boley, B. D. Nickel laterite processing Recovery of nickel from ammoniacal leach liquors. Miner. Metall. Process. 2001, 18, 18-24. 

Sulfate, halide, and carbonate minerals form in mine waste as a result of chemical weathering reactions and as a by-product of mineral processing. The formation of carbonate minerals is of particular interest for its potential in offsetting greenhouse gas emissions associated with mining. We have documented secondary carbonate mineral precipitation at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine (Western Australia) and the... 

Nakazawa, H. and Iwasaki, I., 1986. Galvanic contact between nickel arsenide and pyrrlotite and its effects on flotation. Inter. J. Miner. Process, 18 203 - 215 Nakazawa, H. and Iwasaki, 1., 1985. Effect of pyrite-pryyhotite contact on their floatabilities. 

Although flotation was developed as a separation process for mineral processing and applies lo the sulfides of copper, lead, zinc, iron-molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, and arsenic and to nonsullides, such as phosphates, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, iron oxides, limestone, feldspar, fluorite, chromite, tungstates, silica, coal, and rhodochrosilc, flotation also applies to nonmineral separations. Flotation is used in the water disposal field, particularly in connection with petroleum waste water cleanup. 

The raw minerals mined from natural deposits comprise mixtures of different specific minerals. An early step in mineral processing is to use crushing and grinding to free these various minerals from each other. In addition, these same processes may be used to reduce the mineral particle sizes to make them suitable for a subsequent separation process. Non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, mercury, and antimony are typically produced from mineral ores containing these metals as sulfides (and sometimes as oxides, carbonates, or sulfates) [91,619,620], The respective metal sulfides are usually separated from the raw ores by flotation. Flotation processes are also used to concentrate non-metallic minerals used in other industries, such as calcium fluoride, barium sulfate, sodium and potassium chlorides, sulfur, coal, phosphates, alumina, silicates, and clays [91,619,621], Other examples are listed in Table 10.2, including the recovery of ink in paper recycling (which is discussed in Section 12.5.2), the recovery of bitumen from oil sands (which is discussed further in Section 11.3.2), and the removal of particulates and bacteria in water and wastewater treatment (which is discussed further in Section 9.4). 

Sahachaiyunta et al. [38] conducted dynamic tests to investigate the effect of silica fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in the presence of minute amounts of various inorganic cations such as iron, manganese, nickel, and barium, which are present in industrial and mineral processing wastewaters. Experimental results showed that the presence of iron greatly affected the scale structure on the membrane surface when compared to the other metal species. 

Naklicki, M.L. et al.. Flotation and surface analysis of the nickel(II) oxide/amyl xanthate system, Int. J. Miner. Process., 65, 73, 2002. 

Gajda, B., Skrzypczak, A., and Bogacki, M. B. 2011. Separation of cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions from chloride solution. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing 46 289-294. 

K. Osseo-Asare, D. Fuerstenau, Adsorption phenomena in hydrometallurgy. 1. The uptake of copper, nickel and cobalt by oxide adsorbents in aqueous ammoniacal solutions . International Journal of Mineral Processing, 6 (2) (1979), pp. 85-104. 

T. Makinen and P. Taskinen, State of the art in nickel smelting direct Outokumpu nickel technology, Mineral Processing Extractive Metallurgy Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section C 117 (2) (2008), 86-94. 

Yazawa, A and Nakazawa, S, 1998. Comparison between copper, lead and nickel smelting processes from thermodynamic viewpoints, in Proceedings Sulfide Smelting Symposium 98, pp 39-48 (The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS) Warrendale). 

The nickel formed on the surface of the carbon particles is then separated by standard mineral-processing techniques. 

Uses Mineral processing surfactant flotation collection agent copper sulfide collector exc, separation from nickel sulfides aids secondary silver recovery Use Level 5-50 g/ton Uniflot SP-14 [Huntsman]... 

Coprecipitation is a partitioning process whereby toxic heavy metals precipitate from the aqueous phase even if the equilibrium solubility has not been exceeded. This process occurs when heavy metals are incorporated into the structure of silicon, aluminum, and iron oxides when these latter compounds precipitate out of solution. Iron hydroxide collects more toxic heavy metals (chromium, nickel, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, and thorium) during precipitation than aluminum hydroxide.38 Coprecipitation is considered to effectively remove trace amounts of lead and chromium from solution in injected wastes at New Johnsonville, Tennessee.39 Coprecipitation with carbonate minerals may be an important mechanism for dealing with cobalt, lead, zinc, and cadmium. 

A combined addition of a chain-breaking inhibitor and a hydroperoxide-breaking substance is widely used to induce a more efficient inhibition of oxidative processes in polyalkenes, rubbers, lubricants, and other materials [3 8]. Kennerly and Patterson [12] were the first to study the combined action of a mixture, phenol (aromatic amine) + zinc dithiophosphate, on the oxidation of mineral oil. Various phenols and aromatic amines can well serve as peroxyl radical scavengers (see Chapter 15), while arylphosphites, thiopropionic ethers, dialkylthio-propionates, zinc and nickel thiophosphates, and other compounds are used to break down hydroperoxide (see Chapter 17). Efficient inhibitory blends are usually prepared empirically, by choosing such blend compositions that induce maximal inhibitory periods [13],... 

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