Poisoning nickel

Nickel in the feed is deposited on the surface of the catalyst, promoting undesirable dehydrogenation and condensation reactions. These nonselective reactions increase gas and coke production at the expense of gasoline and other valuable liquid products. The deleterious effects of nickel poisoning can be reduced by the use of antimony passivation. 

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Gilani, S.H. and M. Marano. 1980. Congenital abnormalities in nickel poisoning in chick embryos. Arch. 

Sunderman, F.W. 1970. Nickel poisoning. Pages 387-396 in F.W. Sunderman and F.W. Sunderman, Jr. (eds.). Laboratory Diagnosis of Diseases Caused by Toxic Agents. Warren H. Green, Inc., St. Louis, MO. 

Nickel aluminate, a spinel, has long been known to trap nickel. Metals like arsenic(19), antimony(20-21) and bismuth(20) are known to passivate transition elements and can be used to decrease and coke make. Sulfur is also a known inhibitor for nickel therefore, higher sulfur-containing crudes may be a little less sensitive to nickel poisoning. In our work we also found that nickel at low concentrations is actually a slight promoter of the cracking reaction when incorporated into a molecular sieve (Figure 17). 

FCC units that use antimony to passivate the deleterious impacts of nickel poisoning can also passivate the platinum (Pt) in the CO promoter. Antimony use can lead to an increase in afterbum or higher amounts of promoter. 

Tedeschi RE, Sunderman FW. 1957. Nickel poisoning V. The metabolism of nickel under normal conditions and after exposure to nickel carbonyl. Arch Ind Health 16 486-488. 

A group of ligands known as dithiocarbamates are finding use in treatment of nickel poisoning from exposure to Ni(CO)4 in industrial settings.60... 

Irreversible deactivation can have a similar effect on the hydrothermal deactivation by deteriorating coke selectivity (for instance for nickel poisoning). The hydrothermal deactivation on its turn will now also have an effect on the catalyst poisons, as for instance on the mobility of vanadium and on the deactivation of vanadium and nickel as dehydrogenation catalysts [2]. 

Nickel poisoning is well defined in occupational medicine and is occasionally experienced as a complication of exposure to nickel (or nickel-plated) medical devices. Use of nickel-plated dialysis equipment gave rise to nickel poisoning in 23 patients in one hemodialysis unit. They developed nausea, vomiting, weakness, headache, and palpitation, all of which remitted 3-13 hours after the end of dialysis (SEDA-6, 225). 

The colloidal nickel catalyst cannot be removed by conventional filtration techniques nor have effective means of deactivation by poisoning been found. Ziegler claims that addition of colloidal iron will poison the nickel catalyst. The use of iron and other potential nickel poisons has been studied in some detail. Salts of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, Se, V, and Zn along with phenylacetylene and sulfur dichloride have been tested as nickel deaotivators. Iron, cadmium, and copper salts seemed effective in limiting alkylation between olefins and triethylaluminum... 

Inhalation of dust causes irritation of nose, throat, and eyes. Nickel poisoning has been reported in... 

Nickel poisoning. VIII. Dithiocarb a new therapeutic agent for persons exposed to nickel carbonyl. 

West B and Sundeeman FW (1958) Nickel poisoning. VII. The therapeutic effectiveness of alkyl dithiocarbamates in experimental animals exposed to nickel carbonyl. Am J Med Sd 236 15—25. 

Sunderman, E.W. and E.W. Sunderman Jr Implication of nickel as a possible carcinogen in cigarettes Joint Ann. Mtg. Am. Soc. Clin. Path. College Am. Path., Chicago, IE (1960) Nickel poisoning. XL Implication of nickel as a pulmonary carcinogen in tobacco smoke Am. J. Clin. Path. 35 (1961) 203-209. 

The poisoning effect of metals on zeolite sites is also observed when in catalyst test is used low temperature. D-USY only presents mcp formation, while nickel poisons around 50% activity. Vanadium poisoning is drastically higher and only 6% of activity remains. The decrease in the activity is lower for the 3NMV, compared to 1 V, also suggesting a nickel vanadium interaction. 

Signs of nickel poisoning in fishes include surfacing, rapid mouth and opercular movements and, prior to death, convulsions and loss of... 

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