Niacin and folic acid

Oxiranes are highly toxic alkylating agents and the hydrolysis product of ethylene oxide ethylene glycol and reaction products of oxiranes with chloride ions is likewise toxic. The latter reaction yields 2-chloroethanol, which arises from oxirane, and isomeric vicinal chloropropanols (chlorohydrins) resulting from methyloxirane (Figure 11.3). Oxiranes react with a number of other food components, such as vitamins (riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin and folic acid) or amino acids (methionine and histidine) to form biologically inactive products. 

What are the main metabolic and health promoting properties of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid What is the only B-vitamin that is not found in cereal grains ... 

Enrichment, nutrient Mandatory action of adding selected micronutrients to popular cereal-based products. Most enrichment programs add iron, zinc, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid at least to the levels originally found in whole grains. 

Determination of B, Bj, Bj, niacin, Bj, folic acid, B12, and vitamin C in supplemented foods... 

Other vitamins—vitamin R6 and niacin—complement folic acid. Vitamin R6 deficiency apparently causes chromosome breaks by the same mechanism as folate deficiency.43 Niacin is... 

The desugaring of cane juice concentrates the heat- and alkali-stable vitamins in the final molasses. Even after this accumulation, only myo-inositol may have reached the level of minimum dietary requirements.109 Niacin, pantothenic acid and riboflavin are also present in significant quantities109 the thiamine, pyridoxin, pantothenic acid, biotin and folic acid contents of molasses have been estimated by bioassay.110 111 The biotin content of Hawaiian and Cuban molasses was 2.1 and 1.7 gammas per gram, respectively.119 The antistiffness factor (closely related to stigmasterol) has been found in cane molasses.88 89 The distillery slop from the yeast fermentation of molasses is marketed as a vitamin concentrate this product also contains vitamins originating in the yeast. 

Note 1 Group B vitamins are thiamine (Thiam), riboflavin (Rflv), niacin (Niac), folic acid (F.a.), pantothenic acid (P.a.), and pyridoxins (Pydx). 

Deficiency of water-soluble vitamins is far less precarious than a deficit of fat-soluble vitamins. While the first condition is generally rare, it can nevertheless often be observed in severe alcoholism. In liver cirrhosis, it was possible to detect a reduced amount of vitamins B2, Bg, Bi2, C and niacin or pantothenic acid in the liver as well as hypofunction of vitamins Bi, B2, Bg, C and folic acid. Hypovitaminosis may develop due to the reduced formation of specific transport proteins or the decreased acti-... 

The answer is e. (Murray, pp 627-661. Sciiver, pp 3897-3964. Sack, pp 121-138. Wilson, pp 287-320.) Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is found in fresh fruits and vegetables. Deficiency of ascorbic acid produces scurvy, the sailor s disease. Ascorbic acid is necessary for the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in collagen, a process required in the formation and maintenance of connective tissue. The failure of mesenchymal cells to form collagen causes the skeletal, dental, and connective tissue deterioration seen in scurvy. Thiamine, niacin, cobalamin, and pantothenic acid can all be obtained from fish or meat products. The nomenclature of vitamins began by classifying fat-soluble vitamins as A (followed by subsequent letters of the alphabet such as D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins as B. Components of the B vitamin fraction were then given subscripts, e.g., thiamine (Bi), riboflavin (B2), niacin [nicotinic acid (B3)], panthothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (Bg), and cobalamin (B ). The water-soluble vitamins C, biotin, and folic acid do not follow the B nomenclature. 

Vitamin requirements for ESKD patients receiving dialysis differ from those of a healthy person because of dietary modifications, kidney dysfunction, and dialysis therapy. The plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E are elevated in ESKD, while those of the water-soluble vitamins (81,82,8g, 812, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, and vitamin C) tend to be low in this population, in large part due to the fact that many are dialyzable. The goal for vitamin supplementation in this population should be to prevent subclinical and frank deficiency and to avoid pathology from overdosage. Special vitamin supplements have been formulated for the dialysis population, which primarily include 8 vitamins with C and folic acid. 

Soybean contains thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid. An HPLC method developed to determine thiamin and riboflavin in soy products (Fernando Murphy, 1990) showed vitamin contents of soy products were less than those reported in the literature for which AOAC methods had been employed. The thiamin and riboflavin contents ranged from 6.3 to 6.9 and 0.9 to 1.1 pg/g in three soybean varieties (Fernando Murphy, 1990). Processing soybeans into tofu leads to... 

Vitamins can be divided into two classes, depending upon the significance of their deficiencies. In affluent countries, deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, and folic acid are relatively common but of marginal health significance, while in many parts of the world, deficiencies of these substances are significant and life-threatening. Deficiencies in pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B,2, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are rare. Because pyridoxine is required for transaminations, required amounts depend upon the quantity of protein in the diet. Biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B,2 are ordinarily not required in the diet. However, a deficiency in vitamin B,2 occasionally occurs, and must be treated by injections of the purified vitamin. 

Rice that has had its bran and hull layers removed by milling is called white, polished, or milled rice. White rice is cooked faster than brown rice and has a longer shelf life. In Asia, most white rice is coated with iron, niacin, thiamine, and folic acid to enhance its nntritional value. 

Besides these studies with individual vitamins, there are studies with rats that had received none of the vitamins of the B group (Morgan and Yudkin, 1957). With 20% sorbitol in the diet, the animals grew well for the 13 weeks of the experiment. The diets were such that they would not produce deficiences of vitamin B12, biotin, or niacin however, we can conclude that sorbitol can spare simultaneously at least thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine and folic acid. 

In general, canola meal is a better source of available Ca, Fe, Mn, P, Se, and Mg than soybean meal, whereas the latter is a richer source of Cu, Zn, and K. In vitamin content canola meal is superior to soybean meal in its content of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, folic acid, and chloline, whereas soybean meal contains more pantothenic acid (Table XVI). 

There are 13 vitamins known to be Important In human nutrition. Included In this class of essential nutrients are vitamin A, B-complex (actually composed of a group of 8 vitamins), vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K. We can subdivide vitamins Into 1) the lipid (fat)-soluble compounds (vitamins A, D, E, and K), meaning they dissolve readily In fat and 2) the water-soluble compounds, vitamin B-complex (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B, panthothenlc acid, vitamin B] 2> biotin, and folic acid) and vitamin C, which dissolves readily In aqueous solutions. It has been three decades since the last vitamin (B] 2) discovered In 1948 and as stated by Herbert (1980), It Is probable that no new vitamins will be found. There are substances which are growth factors for other forms of life, such as bacteria, but not for humans. Para-amlnobenzolc acid (PABA), bioflavonoids (vitamin P), choline. Inositol, llpolc acid, and ubiquinone are just a few of these examples. 

The basic B vitamins are regularly required by all animals. Exceptions are rare for instance, niacin is not required by mammals (in the presence of adequate tryptophan) nor biotin by Tetrahymena, The need for thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine (or derivatives), pantothen, and folic acid appears to be universal throughout the animal kingdom. Rather rare and specialized requirements are encountered, such as cholesterol for certain trichomonad flagellates and insects hemin for trypanosomids and at least one bloodsucking insect carnitine for two species of beetles thioctic acid for ciliates and purines and pyrimidines for ciliates. 

Table 18.40 lists data on the composition of some juices and nectars. Multivitamin juices are produced from orange and apple juice with the addition of banana slurry, passion fruit, mango, pineapple and papaya as well as a mixture of vitamins C, E, Bi, folic acid, niacin and panthothenic acid. 

Riboflavin is an ingredient of many pharmaceutical multivitamin preparations. Methods have been described for the determination of riboflavin and other, water-soluble vitamins (Bj, B, B12, niacin, niacinamide, folic acid, ascorbic acid). For... 

Historically, humans have always had deficiencies of B-vitamins, although cereal grains are considered as an adequate source of these micronutrients. All B-vitamins, except Bi2 or cyanocobalamin, are naturally present in whole cereal grains (Chapter 3). The most common deficiencies are due to the lack of thiamin (Bj), niacin (B3), folic acid, and cyanocobalamin (Bjj). 

Although vitamins have different structures, sources, requirements, and mechanisms of action, they are classified according to their solubility in water or in fats. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are liposoluble, whereas the B-complex (Bi, B2, Bg, B12, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, and folic acid) and C vitamins are hydrosoluble. Moreover, there are some organic compounds related to vitamins that are usually classified with the B vitamins and are also hydrosoluble i.e., p-aminobenzoic acid is included among these substances with similarities to vitamins. 

The vitamins of the B complex include thiamine (vitamin Bj), riboflavin (vitamin B2), nicotinic acid (niacin), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B ), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), biotin, lipoic acid, and folic acid. 

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