New refinery

Implementation of P2 (pollution prevention) measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. However, a balance on energy usage and environmental impacts may have to be struck. New refineries should be designed to maximize energy conservation and reduce hydrocarbon losses. 

In the U.S., the crude processing capacity is expected to increase modestly, at a projected rate of 0.5 percent per year. No new refinery... 

The environmental restrictions of the EPA have limited the construction of new refineries. These restrictions are now being relaxed and the construction of new refineries may begin. 

Hydrogen energy is an important long-range solution to our dependence on oil. A sudden rise in gasoline prices occurs when even one refinery shuts down since we have not built a new refinery in over 30 years and we are becoming more dependent than ever on foreign oil. 

Upgrading and refinery capacity While essentially all of the mined bitumen is upgraded in Alberta, the majority of in-situ production is shipped as bitumen blend with a light diluent to refineries in the United States that are suitably equipped to handle such feedstock. This historical split needs to be overcome in the future and further upgrading capacities will have to be installed in Canada, especially to reduce the need for diluents. In addition, the proposed extension of synthetic-crude-oil supply will require new refinery capacities, either in Canada or the United States. 

Installation of more conversion equipment both in new refinery construction and as additions to existing hydroskimming facilities is already a trend. The production of more naphtha by providing new conversion units would, of course, make the additional naphtha more costly. In this connection a number of studies both our own and others (4) have attempted to determine the cost of incremental naphtha production. These indicate that in typically sized European hydroskimming refinery (operating on either Libyan or Arabian crudes) gasoline plus petrochemical naphtha yields can be increased by about 50% by installation of catalytic cracking. Based on today s prices for the other refinery products, the cost... 

Refinery applications have always been outside the scope of the NACE MR0175. However, this standard has frequently been used as a reference - NACE MR0175 has always been a little over the top for refinery use Sulphide couosion cracking is not such a concern downstteam (refineries have reduced chloride levels). Therefore, NACE decided to formulate a new refinery-specific standard inclusive of sulphide couosion cracking to meet the specific needs of the oil refining industry. 

A brand new refinery coker is being steamed out in a pre-startup activity and as the steam condenses, the vessel catastrophically collapses. 

Meanwhile, massive investments are being made in new petrochemical and refinery plants in China, the Middle East and India. Saudi Arabia is vastly increasing the size of its petrochemicals facilities, often in partnership with leading global oil companies. In India, one of the world s largest refinery complexes was completed in December 2008. Reliance Industries Ltd., invested 6 billion to double its Jamnagar refinery near the Pakistani border, which is now producing at full capacity of 580,000 barrels per day. Approximately 60% of new refinery construction is in Asia and the Middle East, predominantly in China, India, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Kuwait and Japan. One of the leaders in the investment in new refineries is Saudi Aramco. 

Meanwhile, U.S. oil refiner Sunoco closed its Eagle Point refinery in Westville, New Jersey in October 2009 due to poor refining profit margins and growing competition from new refineries in Europe and the Middle East. About the same time, Valero Energy (the largest U.S. independent refiner by volume) slashed operations at its refinery in Delaware and announced plans to close its Aruba facility indefinitely. 

Nowadays, building new refinery units is very costly. Therefore, many retrofit projects to the existing crude oil distillation system are considered to increase the production capacity of the refinery by increasing the throughput. 

Chemical companies closed 70 facilities in the United States in 2004 and tagged 40 more for shutdown. Of 120 chemical plants being built around the world with price tags of 1 billion or more, one is in the United States and 50 are in China. No new refineries have been built in the United States since 1976. 

There are abundant connections between the new refinery and other petrochemical sites. Up to 700,000 tons per year of naphtha (LDF) will be charged to the feedstock pipeline Rostock-Bohlen for processing in Bohlen. Refinery produced methanol, amongst other things, goes to two customers in Leuna, namely Atochem for their formaldehyde based glue production and UCB for the manufacture of amines and formamides. 

Conversion of raw shale oil to end products will occur at existing petroleum refinery sites, or at new refineries generally similar (1n technology) to existing ones, but tailored to shale oil feed. 

Zeolite catalysts are versatil catalysts which can tokle with new refinery reorganizations, and the growing Petrochemical industry. 

The mine and production expansion and new refinery process is currently under focus on the Environmental Impact Assessment program which is expected to be ready in the beginning of 2013. Conceptual, basic and detail designs for the new refinery process has been under work for the last 2 years. 

In 2007, the world s largest oil and gas company was Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia. Its four sole-owned refineries in Saudi Arabia processed almost 1 billion barrels of crude oil, and a new refinery opened in 2008. 

Particularly for a career in private industry, the cyclical nature of the oil industry does not guarantee employment during industry downturns. As many new refineries are built outside the United States and many operate in different places of the world, global mobility is of significant advantage when pursuing an advanced career. 

In fact, a regulation has recently been enacted in France for new refineries. It specifies weight limits for pollutant discharges expressed in g t" of crude. An excerpt is given below ... 

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