Neurotransmission, brain

J.P. Kiss, Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission. Brain Res. Bullet. 52, 459 166 (2000)... 

Ennis, M., Aston-Jones, G., Shiekhattar, R. (1992). Activation of locus coeruleus neurons by nucleus paragigantocellularis or noxious sensory stimulation is mediated by intracoerulear excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Brain Res. 598 185-95. 

Haas, D.A. George, S.R. (1989) Neuropeptide Y-induced effects on hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor content and release are dependent on noradrenergic/adrenergic neurotransmission. Brain Res. 498, 333 338. 

A number of reports indicate that at least a portion of schizophrenic patients have reduced levels of PUFA, particularly ArAc and DHA, in red cell phospholipids, with low levels particularly associated with negative symptoms (Horrobin, 2002). ArAc, DHA and EPA are important for monoaminergic neurotransmission, brain development, and synaptic functioning (Berger et al., 2006). This suggests that supplementation with essential fatty acids could alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia. In preliminary studies, however, DHA essentially had no effect and ArAc appeared to worsen symptoms in some... 

Schousboe, A. Hertz, L. Larsson, 0. M. Krogsgaard-Larsen, P. In GABA Neurotransmission, Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 5, Suppl. 2, 1980, 403-409. 

Unlike aniracetam, pramiracetam does not appear to interact with dopaminergic, serotonergic, or adrenergic neurotransmission (72). The agent inhibits prolylendopeptidase in certain brain areas, but its inhibition constant, iC, is only 11 ]lM (69). The absence or weak activity of this compound with various neuronal systems appears to make it less likely to be of significant therapeutic value than other members of this class of agents. 

An increased focus on those processes that regulate neurotransmission and ceUular functions both of neurons and of the other half of the brain, the ghal ceU family, is expected. 

T No A PKA Brain (neuron), adrenal (medulla) Neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, LTP, memory,circadian rhythm... 

Ca2+/cal-cineurin) i PKC Skeletal muscle, heart, brain, pancreas Neurotransmission... 

Altered synaptic properties Numerous changes in the properties of inhibitory (GABAergic) and excitatory (glutamatergic) synapses have been reported. While the simple adage of an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in epilepsy is not generally applicable, some forms of inhibition are lost or impaired in epilepsy. Likewise, an increased function of glutamate receptors has been demonstrated in some brain areas. 

Curtis, A and Valentino, RJ (1994) Corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmission in locus coeruleus a possible site of antidepressant action. Brain Res. Bull. 35 581-587. 

Typically, neurotoxic effects of drugs on monoamine neurons have been assessed from reductions in brain levels of monoamines and their metabolites, decreases in the maximal activity of synthetic enzymes activity, and decreases in the active uptake carrier. In the present study, the traditional markers described above have been used, including the measurement of the content of monoamines and their metabolites in brain at several different timepoints following drug administration. Since reports in the literature have documented that MDMA and MDA can inhibit the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis (Stone et al. 1986 Stone et al. 1987). it is unclear whether MDMA-induced reductions in the content of serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyin-doleacetic acid (5-HlAA) may be due to suppressed neurotransmission in otherwise structurally intact serotonin neurons or may represent the eonsequenee of the destruction of serotonin neurons and terminals. 

Moore, R.Y. The anatomy of central serotonergic neuron systems in the rat brain. In Jacobs, B.L., and Gelperin, A., eds. Serotonin Neurotransmission and Behavior. Cambridge, MA MIT Press, 1981. pp. 35-71. 

This laboratory, as well as others, has shown unequivocally that PCP affects a variety of parameters related to neurotransmission in several neuronal systems. This paper has focused on evidence for the involvement of dopaminergic, cholinergic, and glutama-tergic pathways, and evidence of their interactions in the rat striatum. However, the effects of PCP undoubtedly involve other neuronal systems in other brain areas. Thus, it must be borne in mind that the data discussed in this paper cannot possibly account for the more complex behavioral effects of PCP. 

The triptans are considered specific therapies in that they target the pathophysiology underlying migraine.33 They abort headache through beneficial effects on neuronal imbalances.11 Triptans inhibit neurotransmission in the trigeminal complex and activate serotonin lb/Id pathways that modulate nociception in the brain stem. They also decrease the release of vasoactive peptides leading to vascular reactivity and pain.34 Triptans are a welcome addition to the therapeutic armamentarium in that they are available in intranasal, subcutaneous, and oral... 

Hariri, A. R. Weinberger, D. R. (2003). Functional neuroimaging of genetic variation in serotonergic neurotransmission. Genes Brain Behav., 2(6), 341-9. 

The AMPA receptors mediate the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. The rapid kinetics and the low Ca permeability make these receptors ideal for fast neurotransmission without sufficient changes in the intracellular calcium concentration to activate Ca2+-dependent processes. The NMDA receptors are co-localized with the AMPA receptors on many synapses, but the slow kinetics of the NMDA receptor minimize the receptor activation after a single presynaptic glutamate release where the neuron quickly repolarizes, resulting in Mg2+ block... 

Inhibition of monoamine oxidase has been proposed as a possible mechanism underlying the hydrogen sulfide-mediated disruption of neurotransmission in brain stem nuclei controlling respiration (Warenycia et al. 1989a). Administration of sodium hydrosulfide, an alkali salt of hydrogen sulfide, has been shown to increase brain catecholamine and serotonin levels in rats. It has also been suggested that persulfide formation resulting from sulfide interaction with tissue cystine and cystinyl peptides may underlie some... 

Rius PA, Govoni S, Bergamaschi S, et al. 1988. Mechanisms of the effect of lead on brain neurotransmission A calcium mediated action. Sci Total Environ 71 441-448. 

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