Neural crest cells pathways

Ziegler, L, The pteridine pathway in zebrafish regulation and specification during the determination of neural crest cell-fate, Pigment. Cell Res., 16, 172, 2003. 

Serbedzija, G. N., Fraser, S. E., and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1990). Pathways of trunk neural crest cell migration in the mouse embryo as revealed by vital dye labelling. Development 108 605-612. 

Thirdly, adhesion receptors are found on neural crest cells and their ligands are present along the cells migration pathways (see Section 6). Fourthly, neural crest cells respond appropriately to these molecules in in vitro assays. Fifthly, interference with some adhesive interactions perturbs neural crest cell migration in vivo. 

Brauer, P.R. and Markwald, R.R. (1988) Specific configurations of fibronectin-containing particles correlate with pathways taken by neural crest cells at two axial levels. Anat. Rec. 222 69-82. 

Loring, J.F. and Erickson, C.A. (1987) Neural crest cell migratory pathways in the trunk of the chick embryo. Dev. Biol. 121 220-236. 

Maekie, E.J., Tucker, R.P., Halfter, W., Chiquet-Ehrisman, R. and Epperlein, H.H. (1988) The distribution of tenascin coincides with pathways of neural crest cell migration. Development 102 237-250. 

Newgreen, D.F. and Thiery, J.P. (1980) Fibronectin in early avian embryos synthesis and distribution along the migration pathways of neural crest cells. Cell Tissue Res. 211 269-291. 

Barlow AJ, Wallace AS, Thapar N, Burns AJ (2008) Critical numbers of neural crest cells are required in the pathways from the neural tube to the foregut to ensure complete enteric nervous system formation. Development 135 (9) 1681-1691. 

Serbedzija GN, Bronner-Fraser M, Fraser SE (1989) A vital dye analysis of timing and pathways of avian neural crest cell migration. Development 106 809-816. Kinder SJ, Tan S-S, Tam PPL (2000). Cell grafting and fate mapping of the early-somite-stage mouse embryo. In Methods in molecular biology, vol.l, pp. 425 37, Developmental Biology Protocols, vol. 135. 

The correct level of the active metabolites of vitamin A which control the nuclear receptor signalling pathway is required for appropriate embryonic development. Too much or too little of the receptor ligands is equally harmful for the embryo. It has been well documented that when there is an excess of vitamin A or its metabolites during embryonic development, defects occur in the CNS. An excess of RA causes specific defects of the anterior hindbrain whereby anterior rhombomeres can be lost or respecified to more posterior areas or it can cause poste-riorization of the whole CNS, whereby forebrain structures are lost [36, 50, 86-88]. More recently, Maden et al. describe defects that arise in the central nervous system of quail embryos when they develop in the absence of vitamin A [50]. There are three defects in these embryos (1) the posterior hindbrain is completely missing (2) the neural tube fails to extend neurites out into the periphery (3) the neural crest cells die. 

The second family of secreted proteins that is covalently lipidated is the family of Wnt proteins. They are also involved in numerous processes like proliferation of stem cells, specification of the neural crest, and the expanding of specific cell types. The correct regulation of this pathway is important for animal development. Willert and coworkers were the first to isolate an active Wnt molecule. Mass spectroscopy studies carried out with the isolated protein revealed that cysteine 93 is palmitoylated. Mutating this amino acid to alanine led to almost complete loss of the signaling activity. Later in 2006, a second lipidation was found on a serine in Wnt3a. " In this case, the hydroxyl side chain is acylated with palmitoleic acid. This unsaturated fatty acid seems to be crucial for the progression of the protein through the secretory pathway. The attachment of two different lipid chains may therefore serve different functions. ... 

The neural crest is a transient structure that arises from the dorso-lateral aspect of the closing neural tube. The cells migrate along several discrete tissue pathways and give rise to the majority of cells of the PNS, both neuronal and glial, melanocytes and adrenal medullary cells. In the cephalic region, crest cells give rise to additional cell types, in-... 

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