Parenchymal tissue

Friedlander, M.M., Kaufman, B., Rubinger, D., Moreb, J., Popovtzer, M.M. and Goredetsky, R. (1988). Noninvasivc assessment of skin iron content in haemodialysis patients. An index of parenchymal tissue iron content Am. J. Kidney Dis. XII, 18-25. 

It is true that the degree of system damage may be determined in part by the nature of the exposure thus, in mammals, high concentrations of DDT may produce central nervous system stimulation and cardiac irregularities, while low concentrations, absorbed over a period of time, may produce damage primarily to parenchymal tissues (3). Generally, similar chemical types exert approximately similar qualitative physiologic... 

Nontoxic responses were reported by Chiaretti et al. [90], who investigated the pathological effects of MWNTs on the parenchymal tissues after intraperitoneal administration. Only high doses of MWNTs (20 and 40 mg kg-1) caused death of animals in the first day (20 and 33%, respectively), whereas doses of 5 and 10 mg kg-1 had no effect after 7 days. In addition, repeated administration of 5 mg kg-1 doses did not cause any lesion in the abdominal cavity or in the pleural and pericardial cavities. Only a small irritation was observed at the injection point. It should be emphasized that this study did not address the carcinogenicity risk associated with CNT exposure,... 

Figure 8.1 Body iron stores and daily iron exchange. The figure shows a schematic representation of the routes of iron movement in normal adult male subjects. The plasma iron pool is about 4 mg (transferrin-bound iron and non-transferrin-bound iron), although the daily turnover is over 30 mg. The iron in parenchymal tissues is largely haem (in muscle) and ferritin/haemosiderin (in hepatic parenchymal cells). Dotted arrows represent iron loss through loss of epithelial cells in the gut or through blood loss. Numbers are in mg/day. Transferrin-Tf haemosiderin - hs MPS - mononuclear phagocytic system, including macrophages in spleen and Kupffer cells in liver.

Enzyme activity in rat brain parenchymal tissue and perivascular astrocytes (Alkayed et al., 1996). 

The BBB separates cerebral capillary blood from brain parenchymal tissue. The B B B is formed by endothelial cells lining the blood capillaries in the brain. Unlike the intestinal membrane, BBB has little UWL. The paracellular pathway is negligible for most compounds under physiological conditions. 

The intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is an important protein of endothelial cells. Its expression is induced by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-I, TNF-a, and INF-y during the early phase of the inflammatory process. Under these conditions, its soluble form, sICAM-1, is released intrathecally at a high rate, probably originating from the endothelial cells of the inflamed tissue (i.e., the meninges and adjacent brain parenchymal tissue). 

Petruzzelli, S., De Flora, S., Bagnasco, M., Hietanen, E., Camus, A.-M., Saracci, R., Izzotti, A., Bartsch, H. Giuntini, C. (1989) Carcinogen metabolism studies in human bronchial and lung parenchymal tissues. Am. Rev. respir. Dis., 140, 417-422... 

Aloe latex contains anthraquinones and is completely different from aloe gel, a colorless gelatin obtained from the central portion of the aloe leaf. The mucilaginous parenchymous tissue is excised from fresh leaves and immediately utilized for pharmaceutical preparations, or lyophilized and kept dry until use. During extraction of the gel, it is practically impossible to prevent contamination by the leaf latex as the leaves are cut. On the other hand, in intact leaves, anthraquinones may diffuse into gel from the bundle sheath cells. To reduce such contamination, the starting material must be from varieties of aloe with a reduced anthraquinone content. 

Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis Scar-like tissue that develops in the lung parenchymal tissue in response to inhalation of dusts of certain types of substances such as asbestos. 

The advantages of the isolated vessel technique in defining microvascular physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms are 1) The vessels are studied in the absence of a neurohumoral and parenchymal tissue environment, 2) it allows for direct assessment of vascular responses in defined segments, 3) transmural pressure is controlled, 4) hormones and drugs can be added to the bathing media or luminal perfusate, 5) intracellular ion concentrations can be measured by fluorescence microscopy and membrane potentials can be recorded with microelectrodes. 

We now know that blood enters the sinusoids of the parenchyma via fine terminal branches of the afferent vessels, which leave the portal spaces at intervals, coursing perpendicular to the central vein and along the sides of the hexagons forming classical lobules. Each fine terminal afferent vessel supplies blood to only sectors of adjacent lobules. The associated mass of parenchymal tissue that they preferentially supply... 

Figure 5 Diagram of staining of the bronchial circulation in the cat. The bronchial and pulmonary circulations of the cat were perfused separately with aerated physiological salt solution containing bovine serum albumin (4% wt/vol) maintained at 37°C. Perfusates from the bronchial and pulmonary circulations were collected from cannulae positioned in the right and left ventricles, respectively. Infusion of Evans blue dye (30mg/Kg) into the systemic circulation resulted in deep blue staining of the central airways (black) with no staining of the parenchymal tissues (dotted). Further, 75-80% of the dye was collected from the cannula from the right heart.

Aceruloplasminemia is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and accumulation of iron in the affected parenchymal tissues. Iron accumulation in this disorder is consistent with ceruloplasmin s role as a ferroxidase in iron metabolism (discussed in Chapter 29). 

In addition to the identification of seeds, nuts, fruits, and tree species, the investigation of charred plant remains has recently advanced to the other tissue. In particular, SEM [Scanning Electron Microscope] studies have been able to identify charred parenchymous tissues. Parenchyma is the most common plant tissue and makes up the bulk of the primary plant body, including the leaves, flowers, roots, the pulp of fruits, and the pith of stems in woody plants. The thin-walled parenchyma cells have large empty spaces and distinctive intercellular areas (Fig. 5.3). 

Parenchyma is a relatively unspecialized tissue commonly found in roots and tubers. Roots and tubers were often a source of carbohydrates for prehistoric groups, but because of problems with the identification of these plant organs, they have been almost invisible in the charred plant remains recovered from archaeological sites. Now with the development of SEM analysis, compendiums of reference material, and keys for parenchymous tissue identification, new plant foods are being added to descriptions of past diets. 

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