Needs hierarchy

The travel career ladder approach was developed by Pearce (1988, 1991b, 1993b), Pearce and Caltabiano (1983) and Moscardo and Pearce (1986a) and was based in part on Maslow s (1970) needs-hierarchy theory of motivation. The travel career ladder (TCL) describes tourist motivation as consisting of five different levels relaxation needs, safety/security... 

The Goal-Directed and the Behavioral Schools of study represent two of the most popular views of motivation. In the Goal-Directed School of Motivation, the inner drives of individuals are examined to explain why human behavior takes place. Examples of goal-directed theories include the Needs-Hierarchy Theory, the Need-Achievement Theory, and the Motivational Hygiene Theory. Examples of... 

Goal-Directed School Maslow s Needs-Hierarchy Theory... 

Psychology and Safety The Human Element in Loss Prevention / 237 Figure 11-2. Maslow s Needs-Hierarchy model of motivation. 

Many of these techniques involve source reduction— the preferred option on the EPA s hierarchy of waste management (24). Others deal with on-and off-site recycling. The best way to determine how these general approaches can fit a particular company s needs is to conduct a waste minimization... 

The stiffnesses of other bond types are calculated in a similar way (in general, the cumbersome sum described above is not needed because the interactions are of short range). The resulting hierarchy of bond stiffnesses is as shown in Table 6.1. 

Product specifications should specify requirements for the manufacture, assembly, and installation of the product in a manner that provides acceptance criteria for inspection and test. They may be written specifications, engineering drawings, diagrams, inspection and test specifications, and schematics. With complex products you may need a hierarchy of documents from system drawings showing the system installation to component drawings for piece-part manufacture. Where there are several documents that make up the product specification there should be an overall listing that relates documents to one another. 

Again, a closure is needed. Even with a closure, the system of equations is not complete. A relation between the singlet function p(r) and the pair functions is needed. For this purpose the first equation of the BGY hierarchy may be used. Alternatively, one can apply the Lovett-Mou-Buff-Wertheim equation [100,101]... 

To describe an arbitrary nonequilibrium evolution of the adsorbate we need the whole hierarchy, or at least a suitably truncated subset. We can close the hierarchy at the level of 2-site correlators by a factorization of higher correlators with 1-site overlap [58,59]... 

Later theories by Maslow (1954) showed the narrowness of that view, and the importance of factors such as social, esteem, achievement, and other needs. Maslow has put forward a hierarchy of five types of needs in descending order of priority ... 

Consider, for definiteness, a set of otherwise identical lowest-level components of a system, so that the hierarchy is a tree of constant depth. Since we assume that the components are all identical, the only distinction among the various nodes of the hierarchy consists of the structure of the subtrees. Now suppose we have a tree T that consists of /3 subtrees branching out from the root at the top level. We need to determine the number of different interactions that can occur on each level, independent of the structure of each subtree i.e. isomorphic copies of trees do not contribute to our count. We therefore need to find the number of nonisomorphic subtrees. We can do this recursively. 

The second compound above raises an important issue how do you name the functional group when you have two functional groups in a compound One will go in the suffix of the name and the other will be a prefix in the substituent part of the name. But how do we choose which one goes as the suffix of the name There is a hierarchy that needs to be followed. The six groups shown above are listed according to their hierarchy, so a carboxylic acid takes precedence over an alcohol. A compound with both of these groups is named as a ketone and we put the term hydroxy in the substituent part of the name. 

There are a variety of process safety risks one needs to assess with chemical processes. In general, these risks will lead to an evaluation of the potential for the process to have precipitous changes in temperature and or pressure that lead to secondary events such as detonations, explosions, over pressurizations, fires, and so forth. The most cost-effective way of avoiding these sorts of risks is through the adoption of inherent safety principles. Inherent safety principles are very similar to and complementary to pollution prevention principles, where one attempts to use a hierarchy of approaches to avoid and/or reduce the risk of an adverse event. The reader is referred elsewhere to a more complete treatment of this important area of process design. ... 

Materials Characterization. Regarding education in the characterization or analysis of materials—a central topic of materials chemistry—there is a similar hierarchy of importance of subjects that chemistry students (and faculty) will need to have learned. Reference 7 treats this topic systematically, and Roy and Newnham (11) presented a comprehensive (albeit somewhat outdated) presentation of the architecture of materials characterization. Thus Rutherford backscattering and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) are excellent characterization research tools, but in the sequence of tools used every day on every sample, they are insignificant. Thus for structural characterization, X-ray powder diffraction reigns supreme, yet the full power of the modern automated search routines that can be universally applied are taught only to a minuscule fraction of even the materials science student body. 

A further consideration when combining databases from multiple suppliers is how to identify and deal with redundant compounds. Here, some method of mapping multiple supplier information onto a single compound is needed for efficiency. Generally, all information can be mapped, although some consideration of cost and supplier reliability may allow a hierarchy of supplier information to be applied. 

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