Minerals strontium

Starting with the mineral strontium carbonate, how might strontium hydroxide be prepared Strontium oxide Strontium chloride ... 

Most nonradioactive strontium minerals, strontium compounds, and strontium-containing materials do not require special disposal and handling requirements. However, some chemical forms may be classified as hazardous materials if the compound is chemically reactive, flammable, or toxic. Care should be taken to read and understand all of the hazards, precautions, and safety procedures for each specific chemical form. In addition, all federal, state, and local laws and regulations should be investigated and subsequently followed with regard to disposal and handling of the specific chemical form of the strontium compound or material. 

CaS04 2 H2O) in plasters to decorate their tombs. These two alkaline earths are among the most abundant elements in the Earth s crust (calcium is fifth and magnesium sixth, by mass), and they occur in a wide variety of minerals. Strontium and barium are less abundant but like magnesium and calcium, they commonly occur as sulfates and carbonates in their mineral deposits. Beryllium is fifth in abundance of the alkaline earths and is obtained primarily from the mineral beryl, 863 2(8103)6. All radium isotopes are radioactive (the longest lived isotope is Ra, with a half-life of 1600 years). Pierre and Marie Curie first isolated radium from the uranium ore pitchblende in 1898. Physical properties of the alkaline earths are given in Table 8.4. 

Brusset H (1976) Complements au nouveau traite de chimie mineral strontium. 

The alkali metals of Group I are found chiefly as the chlorides (in the earth s crust and in sea water), and also as sulphates and carbonates. Lithium occurs as the aluminatesilicate minerals, spodimene and lepidolite. Of the Group II metals (beryllium to barium) beryllium, the rarest, occurs as the aluminatesilicate, beryl-magnesium is found as the carbonate and (with calcium) as the double carbonate dolomite-, calcium, strontium and barium all occur as carbonates, calcium carbonate being very plentiful as limestone. 

Some elements found in body tissues have no apparent physiological role, but have not been shown to be toxic. Examples are mbidium, strontium, titanium, niobium, germanium, and lanthanum. Other elements are toxic when found in greater than trace amounts, and sometimes in trace amounts. These latter elements include arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, silver, zirconium, beryUium, and thallium. Numerous other elements are used in medicine in nonnutrient roles. These include lithium, bismuth, antimony, bromine, platinum, and gold (Eig. 1). The interactions of mineral nutrients with... 

Strontium-89 chloride is a calcium analogue that rapidly clears from the blood and is taken up into bone mineral, particularly in areas of active osteogenesis, as weU as primary bone tumors and metastases. It is used for reHef of bone pain in patients having painful skeleton bone metastases. It is suppHed in an injectable solution. 

Rubidium-87 emits beta-particles and decomposes to strontium. The age of some rocks and minerals can be measured by the determination of the ratio of the mbidium isotope to the strontium isotope (see Radioisotopes). The technique has also been studied in dating human artifacts. Rubidium has also been used in photoelectric cells. Rubidium compounds act as catalysts in some organic reactions, although the use is mainly restricted to that of a cocatalyst. 

Occurrence. The principal strontium mineral is celestite, naturally occurring strontium sulfate. Celestite and celestine [7759-02-6] both describe this mineral. However, celestite is the form most widely used in Knglish-speaking countries. Celestite has a theoretical strontium oxide content of 56.4 wt %, a hardness of 3—3.5 on Mohs scale, and a specific gravity of 3.96. It is usually white or bluish white and has an orthorhombic crystal form. 

Strontium has a valence of +2 and forms compounds that resemble the compounds of the other alkaline-earth metals (see Barium compounds Calcium compounds). Although many strontium compounds are known, there are only a few that have commercial importance and, of these, strontium carbonate [1633-05-2] SrCO, and strontium nitrate [10042-76-9], Sr(N03)2, are made in the largest quantities. The mineral celestite [7759-02-6], SrSO, is the raw material from which the carbonate or the nitrate is made. 

Strontium Halides. Strontium haUdes are made by the reactions of strontium carbonate with the appropriate mineral acids. They are used primarily in medicines as replacements for other bromides and iodides. 

Barium [7440-39-3] Ba, is a member of Group 2 (IIA) of the periodic table where it Hes between strontium and radium. Along with calcium and strontium, barium is classed as an alkaline earth metal, and is the densest of the three. Barium metal does not occur free in nature however, its compounds occur in small but widely distributed amounts in the earth s cmst, especially in igneous rocks, sandstone, and shale. The principal barium minerals are barytes [13462-86-7] (barium sulfate) and witherite [14941-39-0] (barium carbonate) which is also known as heavy spar. The latter mineral can be readily decomposed via calcination to form barium oxide [1304-28-5] BaO, which is the ore used commercially for the preparation of barium metal. 

Family of the scientist has presented documentar y materials to Academy of sciences in June 1974. Among them, the most important ar e manuscripts, typewritten copies about 100 scientific works of the scientist and working materials to them. Its includes articles, reports, monographs, the textbooks written by A.K. Babko during last 25 year s working writing-books with extracts, marks on various questions, abstracts of chemical literature responses and reviews on thesis of Ph.D. and doctor s degrees, on ar ticles, books, textbooks. For example, early works Product of solubility , To a technique of definition of strontium in minerals (1940-s), many unpublished works in 1940-1960, etc. 

Strontium and Europium Ions on Clay Minerals, J. Materials Science, v.29, pp.954-958, 1994. 

Strontium (thirty-eighth most abundant clement) is rather rare and is found principally as the mineral strontianite, SrC03. 

A number of trace elements were analyzed in food and in bone mineral. Trace element levels in foods varied considerably in some cases between raw and eooked foods. Most notably, iron was absorbed from the cooking pot and from water, particularly in foods such as barley and beef. Strontium values, which are higher in raw vegetables than in uncooked beef, homogenized in the stew such that cooked meat and vegetables, were indistinguishable. 

Baud, C.A., Bang, S., Lee, H.S. and Baud, J.P 1968 X-ray studies of strontium incorporation into bone mineral in vivo. Calcified Tissue Research Supplement 2 6. 

Rosenthal, H.L., Eves, M.M. and Cochran, O.A. 1970 Common strontium of mineralized tissues from marine and sweet water animals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 32 445 50. 

Schoeninger, M.J. (1985). Trophic level effects on 15N/14N and 13G/12C ratios in bone collagen and strontium levels in bone mineral. Journal of Human Evolution, Vol.l4, pp. 515-525. 

Sasaki, N. and Minato, M. (1983) Effect of the degree of supersaturation upon apparent partition coefficients of lead and strontium ions between BaSOa and aqueous solution. Miner. J., 11, 365-381. 

The Amethyst fluid is richer in strontium and calcium than the other fluids, but nearly depleted in barium. Celestite becomes saturated first, and more of this mineral forms from this fluid than from the Forties fluid. Anhydrite becomes saturated later in the mixing process and precipitates,... 

The Mountain Pass (USA) operation treats a relatively complex ore. The major REO mineral is bastaenesite with minor amounts of synchisite, parasite and monazite. The major gangue minerals are calcite, barite, silicates, and dolomite. The amount of the individual gangue minerals in this ore are variable and change on a yearly basis. There are two major ore types treated at the Mountain Pass concentrator (a) high calcite ore (35-45% CaO) and (b) a high barite-dolomite ore (so-called brown ore). Barite also contains significant quantities of strontium. 

Strontium compounds, 23 319-324 estimated distribution of, 23 3201 world production of, 23 319-320 Strontium cyanide, 8 197 Strontium ferrate (1 1), 5 598 Strontium fluoride, 23 323 Strontium fluoroborate tetrahydrate, 4 153 Strontium halides, 23 323 Strontium hexaferrite, 23 323 Strontium hydride, 13 613 Strontium hydroxide, 23 324 Strontium iodide, 23 323 Strontium-lead alloys, 14 779 Strontium minerals, 23 320 producers of, 23 319 Strontium nitrate, 23 319, 321, 323 Strontium oxide, 23 318, 324 Strontium peroxide, 18 396, 23 324 Strontium-silicon alloy, 22 520 Strontium sulfate, 23 322, 324 Strontium sulfide, 23 322 Strontium titanate... 

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