Natural gas, methane

The original method for the manufacture of ethyne, the action of water on calcium carbide, is still of very great importance, but newer methods include the pyrolysis of the lower paraffins in the presence of steam, the partial oxidation of natural gas (methane) and the cracking of hydrocarbons in an electric arc. 

Ammonia (NH3) is the most important commercial compound of nitrogen. It is produced by the Haber Process. Natural gas (methane, CH4) is reacted with steam to produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas (H2) in a two step... 

Q-C, Natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas... 

Robert Boyle, an Irish chemist noted for his pioneering experiments on the properties of gases, discovered methanol (CH3OH) in 1661. For many years methanol, known as wood alcohol, was produced by heating hardwoods such as maple, birch, and hickory to high temperatures m the absence of air. The most popular modern method of producing methanol, which IS also the least costly, is from natural gas (methane) by the direct combination of carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. Methanol also can be produced more expensively from oil, coal, and biomass. 

Group D Gasoline, hexane, naphtha, benzene, butane, propane, alcohols, acetone, lacquer, solvent vapors, or natural gas (methane)... 

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2- The simplest alkane, methane (CH4), is the principal constituent of natural gas. Methane, ethane, propane, and butane are gaseous hydrocarbons at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure. They are usually found associated with crude oils in a dissolved state. 

Methane is mainly used as a clean fuel gas. Approximately one million BTU are obtained by burning 1,000 ft of dry natural gas (methane). It is also an important source for carbon black. 

Methane may be liquefied under very high pressures and low temperatures. Liquefaction of natural gas (methane), allows its transportation to long distances through cryogenic tankers. 

There are different sources for obtaining synthesis gas. It can be produced by steam reforming or partial oxidation of any hydrocarbon ranging from natural gas (methane) to heavy petroleum residues. It can also... 

Gas fuel Town gas Natural gas Methane Butane Propane Carbon monoxide... 

Use data in Table 7.3 or Appendix 2A to calculate the standard entropy change for each of the following reactions at 25°C. For each reaction, interpret the sign and magnitude of the reaction entropy, (a) The synthesis of carbon disulfide from natural gas (methane) CH4(g) + 4 S(s, rhombic) - CS2(1) +... 

The most common fuels used are gas (natural gas, methane, propane, synthesis gas) and light fuel oils. Contaminants such as ash, alkalis (sodium and potassium) and sulphur result in deposits, which degrade performance and cause corrosion in the hot section of the turbine. Total alkalis and total sulphur in the fuel should both be typically less than 10 ppm. Gas turbines can be equipped with dual firing to allow the machine to be switched between fuels. 

A natural gas (methane) pipeline is to be designed to transport the gas at a rate of 50,000 scfm. The pipe is to be 6 in. ID, and the maximum pressure that the compressors can develop is 10,000 psig. The compressor stations are to be located in the pipeline at the point at which the pressure drops to 100 psi above that at which choked flow would occur (this is the suction pressure for the compressors). If the design temperature for the pipeline is 60°F, the compressors are 60% efficient, and the compressor stations each operate with three stages and interstage cooling to 60°F, determine... 

Natural gas (methane) is transported through a 20 in. sch 40 commercial steel pipeline at a rate of 30,000 scfm. The gas enters the line from a compressor at 100 psi and 70°F. Identical compressor stations are located every lOmi along the line, and at each station the gas is recompressed to 100 psia and cooled to 70°F. 

Natural gas (methane) is transported through an uninsulated 6 in. ID commercial steel pipeline, 1 mi long. The inlet pressure is 100 psi and the outlet pressure is 1 atm. What are the mass flow rate of the gas and the compressor power required to pump it T) = 70°F, /rgas = 0.02 cP. 

A 12 in. ID natural gas (methane) pipeline carries gas at a rate of 20,000 scfm. The compressor stations are 100 mi apart, and the discharge pressure of the compressors is 500psia. If the temperature of the surroundings is 70°F, what is the required horsepower of each compressor station, assuming 65% efficiency If the pipeline breaks 10 mi downstream from a compressor station, what will be the flow rate through the break ... 

Natural gas (methane) and 40° API crude oil are being pumped through a 6 in. sch 40 pipeline at 80°F. The mixture enters the pipe at 500 psia, a total rate of 6000 lbm/min, and 6% quality. What is the total pressure gradient in the pipe at... 

Natural gas (methane) can be obtained from gas hydrates. Gas hydrates are also called clathrates or methane hydrates. Gas hydrates are potentially one of the most important energy resources for the future. Methane gas hydrates are increasingly considered a potential energy resource. Methane gas hydrates are crystalline solids formed by combination of methane and water at low temperatures and high pressures. Gas hydrates have an iee-hke crystalline lattiee of water molecules with methane molecules trapped inside. Enormous reserves of hydrates can be foimd imder eontinental shelves and on land under permafrost. The amount of organic... 

Methane is a flammable gas, often called marsh gas or natural gas. Methane, as natural gas, is widely used as an energy sonrce for domestic and industrial purposes. 

Production of ammonia (NH ) Anhydrous (dry) ammonia is the fifth most produced industrial compound. The Haber-Bosch process uses steam on hot coke, which is mostly used in South Africa. In the United States, it is mostly produced from partial combustion of natural gas (methane) or by combining several gases using steam. Other methods use coke-oven gas, refinery gas (mostly methane), or even solar energy. Ammonia is toxic if inhaled and has a high pH value when mixed with water (hydration) to form ammonium hydroxide (NH OH), which has many uses, including as a household cleaner. Ammonia forms many compounds, including ammonium nitrate in fertilizer, rocket fuel, and explosives. Ammonia is also explosive when mixed with mercury or silver or when mixed as part of nitrocellulose. 

In the combustion process, natural gas (methane), or propane or carhon is burned in air for the removal of oxygen ... 

The combustion of natural gas, methane, to produce heat can be summarized in the following reaction ... 

Methane is the principal gas found with coal and oil deposits and is a major fuel and chemical used is the petrochemical industry. Slightly less than 20% of the worlds energy needs are supplied by natural gas. The United States get about 30% of its energy needs from natural gas. Methane can be synthesized industrially through several processes such as the Sabatier method, Fischer Tropsch process, and steam reforming. The Sabatier process, named for Frenchman Paul Sabatier (1854—1941), the 1912 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry from France, involves the reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen with a nickel or ruthenium metal catalyst C02 + 4H2 —> CH4 + 2H20. 

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