Prefixes alkanes

Number of Carbons Prefix Alkanes Alcohols Aldehydes Acids ... 

The naming of amides is summarized in Section 7-7D. The points to remember are that they generally are named either as (i) alkanamides, in which the prefix alkan(e) is determined by the longest carbon chain that includes the... 

The most common prefixes are written below using the alkane series as an example, and the prefixes are highlighted ... 

The lUPAC rules assign names to unbranched alkanes as shown m Table 2 2 Methane ethane propane and butane are retained for CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CH3 respectively Thereafter the number of carbon atoms m the chain is specified by a Latin or Greek prefix preceding the suffix ane which identifies the com pound as a member of the alkane family Notice that the prefix n is not part of the lUPAC system The lUPAC name for CH3CH2CH2CH3 is butane not n butane... 

As you can see cycloalkanes are named under the lUPAC system by adding the prefix cyclo to the name of the unbranched alkane with the same number of carbons as the ring Substituent groups are identified m fhe usual way Their posifions are specified by numbering fhe carbon atoms of fhe ring m fhe direction fhaf gives fhe lowesf num ber to fhe subsfifuenfs af fhe firsf pomf of difference... 

Substitutive lUPAC nomenclature names epoxides as epoxy derivatives of alkanes According to this system ethylene oxide becomes epoxyethane and propylene oxide becomes 1 2 epoxypropane The prefix epoxy always immediately precedes the alkane ending it is not listed m alphabetical order like other substituents... 

Ethers are named m substitutive lUPAC nomenclature as alkoxy derivatives of alkanes Functional class lUPAC names of ethers are derived by listing the two alkyl groups m the general structure ROR m alphabetical order as separate words and then adding the word ether at the end When both alkyl groups are the same the prefix di precedes the name of the alkyl group... 

Monocyclic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. Monocyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons (with no side chains) are named by prefixing cyclo- to the name of the corresponding open-chain hydrocarbon having the same number of carbon atoms as the ring. Radicals are formed as with the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Examples ... 

The prefix iso is used loosely to denote branched alkanes or alkenes that have one or more methyl groups only as side chains. 

For bicyclic structures the von Baeyer name consists of the prefix bicyclo-, followed in square brackets by the numbers of carbon atoms separating the bridgeheads on the three possible routes from one bridgehead to the other, followed in turn by the name of the alkane (or other homogeneous hydride, or repeating unit hydride) containing the same number of atoms in the chain as the whole bicyclic skeleton (examples 55-57). Replacement nomenclature can be applied to hydrocarbon names (example 58). 

Both common and systematic names of compounds are used throughout this volume, depending on which the Editor-in-Chief feels is most appropriate. Preparations appear in the alphabetical order of names of the compound or names of the synthetic procedures. The Chemical Abstracts indexing name for each title compound, if it differs from the title name, is given as a subtitle. Because of the major shift to new systematic nomenclature adopted by Chemical Abstracts in 1972, many common names used in the text are immediately followed by the bracketed, new names. Whenever two names are concurrently in use, the carre CChemical Abstracts name is adopted. The prefix n- is deleted from -alkanes and w-alkyls. All reported dimensions are now expressed in S st me International units. 

Alkenes and alkynes are similar in structure to the alkanes except the alkenes contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond (C=C) and the alkynes contain a carbon-to-carbon triple bond (C=C). The name prefixes are exactly the same as for the alkanes with the same number of carbons, but the endings are -one for compounds with double bonds and their derivatives and -yne for compounds with triple bonds... 

A fluonnated dimethyl ether is assigned the same number as the corresponding Cj alkane prefixed with an "E , a nomenclature recently adopted by the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) in the United States... 

Branched-chain alkanes, also known as isoparaffins or isoalkanes, are possible when n > 4. The prefix iso is used when two methyl groups are attached to a terminal carbon atom of an otherwise straight chain and the prefix neo when three methyl groups are attached in that manner. Branched-chain alkanes are sometimes regarded as normal alkanes with attached substituent alkyl groups. An example is... 

When writing an alkane name, the nonhyphenated prefix iso- is considered part of the alkyl-group name for alphabetizing purposes, but the hyphenated and italicized prefixes sec- and tert- are not. Thus, isopropyl and isobutyl are listed alphabetically under i, but sec-butyl and ferf-butyl are listed under b. 

The chain and branched chain saturated hydrocarbons make up a family called the alkanes. Some saturated hydrocarbons with five carbon atoms are shown in Figure 18-11. The first example, containing no branches, is called normal-pentane or, briefly, n-pentane. The second example has a single branch at the end of the chain. Such a structural type is commonly identified by the prefix iso- . Hence this isomer is called /50-pentane. The third example in Figure 18-11 also contains five carbon atoms but it contains the distinctive feature of a cyclic carbon structure. Such a compound is identified by the prefix cyclo in its name—in the case shown, cyclopentane. 

To name an alkane in which the carbon atoms form a single chain, we combine a prefix denoting the number of carbon atoms with the suffix -ane (Table 18.1). For example, CH,—CH, (more simply, CH,CH,) is ethane and CH,—CH2—CH, (that is, CH,CH2CH,) is propane. Cyclopropane, C,H6 (15), and cyclohexane, C6H12 (16), are cycloalkanes, alkanes that contain rings of carbon atoms. 

Step 2 Find the suffix If the hydrocarbon is an alkane, use the suffix -ane. Use -ene if the hydrocarbon is an alkene. Use -yne if the hydrocarbon is an alkyne. If more than one double or triple bond is present, use the prefix di- (2) or tri- (3) before the suffix to indicate the number of multiple bonds. 

Step 3 Add a position number before the root of the name to indicate the location of the —OH group. (Remember to number the main chain of the hydrocarbon so that the hydroxyl group has the lowest possible position number.) If there is more than one —OH group, leave the -e in the name of the parent alkane, and put the appropriate prefix (di-, tri-, or tetra-) before the suffix -ol. 

An alkyl halide (also known as a haloalkane) is an alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen atoms, such as F, Cl, Br, or I. The functional group of alkyl halides is R—X, where X represents a halogen atom. Alkyl halides are similar in structure, polarity, and reactivity to alcohols. To name an alkyl halide, first name the parent hydrocarbon. Then use the prefix fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-, with a position number, to indicate the presence of a fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, or iodine atom. The following Sample Problem shows how to name an alkyl halide. 

Step 3 Put the prefix and suffix together alkoxy group + parent alkane. 

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