National Academies Report

This volume has been reviewed in draft form by several individuals chosen for their technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in ensuring that the report is as sound as possible and meets institutional standards for quality. The review comments and original draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. 

In parallel to this push for extending the borders of chemical process systems engineering to areas that have been traditionally the reserve of industrial engineers, a new concept of supply chemical chain was recently discussed in detail by Grossmann and Westerberg (2000), and in the United States National Academies report by Breslow and Tirrell (2003). The chemical supply chain extends from the molecule level to the whole enterprise. Breslow and Tirrell (2003) suggest that ... 

Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States, National Academies report. May 10,2005, www.books.nap.edu/catalog/11289.html... 

While stressing genetic risks, the National Academy report dted other existing and potential hazards of radiation. It pointed out that concern about fallout had obscured other sources of radiological contamination that could prove to be more serious as the application of atomic energy for peaceful purposes became more widespread. The construction and... 

Report of the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Committee of Fundamental Constants, 1963. 

Separation and Purification CriticalNeeds and Opportunities National Research Council Report, National Academy Press, 1987. 

A Proposed Public Health and Safety StandardforYucca Mountain, A Report prepared for the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Technical Bases for Yucca Mountain Standards, EPRI TV-104012, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., Dec. 1994. 

Nuclear Pomr—Technical and Institutional Optionsfor the Future Report of National Academy Committee on Future Nuclear Power Development, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

Pubhc concerns about pesticides in the diet of infants and children resulted in an expert committee convened by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences which devoted four years to the review of all available data. A consensus report was issued in 1993 (80). A number of recommendations for further work to more precisely define what constitutes the diet of infants and children were made. No risk could be estimated. The residue data reviewed by the panel were mainly from monitoring studies conducted by the PDA using multiresidue methods to analyze fresh produce and market basket samples collected from various geographic areas (81,82). These and other rehable scientific studies have demonstrated that relatively few food samples contain detectable residues. Most residues are far below estabhshed tolerances which are set above the maximum residue found in treated raw agricultural... 

Sodium Intake. Where salt is readily available, most of the world s population chooses to consume about 6,000—11,000 mg of salt or sodium chloride a day so that average daily sodium intake from all sources is 3,450 mg (8,770 mg NaCl) (13). The U.S. EDA s GRAS review puts the amount of naturally occurring sodium in the American diet at 1000—1500 mg/d, equivalent to the amount of sodium in approximately 2500—3800 mg NaCl. Thus the average daily intake of NaCl from food-grade salt used in food processing (qv) and from salt added in cooking or at the table is from 4960—6230 mg NaCl. The requirement for salt in the diet has not been precisely estabUshed, but the safe and adequate intake for adults is reported as 1875—5625 mg (14). The National Academy of Sciences recommends that Americans consume a minimum of 500 mg/d of sodium (1250 mg/d salt) (6,15). 

Water Quality Criteria, 1972, Report No. R-73-033, National Academy of Sciences— National Academy of Engineering, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1973, pp. 151—171 and appendix. 

E. L. Moore, National Academy of S ciences Report NAS-NS 3101, Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., Dec. 

COSMAT (1974) Materials and Man s Needs Materials Scienee and Engineering. Summary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC) pp. 1, 39. 

Suits, C.G. and Bueche, A.M. (1967) in Applied Science and Technological Progress A Report to the Committee on Science and Astronautics, US House of Representatives, by the National Academy of Sciences (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC) p. 297. 

MSE (1989) Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s, Report of the Committee on Materials Science and Engineering from the National Research Council (National Academy Press, Washington, DC). 

Originally the classification of materials was derived from tests of proprietary explosion-proof (flameproof) enclosures. There were no published criteria. Equipment was approved relative to the lowest ignition temperature of any material in the group (Magison 1987). In about 1965 the U.S. Coast Guard asked the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to form a panel to classify 200 materials of commerce. The Electrical Hazards Panel of the Committee on Hazardous Materials was formed by the NAS. The Panel studied many ways to estimate the hazard classification of materials. The Panel finally reported to die U.S. Coast Guard in 1970 that no workable, predicdve scheme could be defined, and it then proceeded to assign tentative classifications to the 200 materials. 

NAS. 1975. Matrix of Electrical and Fire Hazard Properties and Classification of Chemicals. National Academy of Sciences Report to US Coast Guard, Contract No. DOT-CG-41680-A(1975). 

NMAB. 1982. Classification of Gases, Liquids and Volatile Solids Relative to Explosion-Proof Electrical Equipment. Report NMAB 353-5. National Academy Press, Washington, DC (August 1982). 

National Research Council. (1995). EMF Research Activities Completed Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 Interim Report, J995. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

National Research Council. (1998). Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles Fourth Report. Washington DC National Academy Press. 

A recent report from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences estimates than less than 1% of all living species have been characterized. Thus, alkaloid chemistry remains today an active area of research, and innumerable substances with potentially useful properties remain to be discovered. 

Matheson, D.H. Elder, F.C., Eds. Atmospheric Contribution to the Chemistry of Lake Waters, J. Great Lakes Res., Suppliment 2, pp 225. National Academy of Science, Air Quality and Stationary Source Emission Control, Comm, on Nat. Resources, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, U.S. Gov t Print. Office, Washington, DC, 1975. Whelpdale, D.M. (Chair) Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants A Summary Report of the Ad Hoc Committee, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 1976. 

National Academy of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering-Institute of Medicine, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. "Report of the Research Briefing Panel on Chemical and Process Engineering for Biotechnology," in Research Briefings 1984. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press, 1984. 

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