Narrative design

The applications have been developed in a participatory design process [1,9] with children and teachers as participants. We particularly used the Fictional Inquiry technique, [2,9,10], which establishes a shared narrative design space between stakeholders in the design process in this case among teachers, children and designers. This paper focus on the novel kinesthetic interaction techniques supported by iGame-Floor. 

Design and development plans need to identify the activities to be performed, who will perform them, and when they should commence and be complete. One good technique is to use a network chart (often called a PERT chart), which links all the activities together. Alternatively a bar chart may be adequate. In addition there does need to be some narrative, as charts rarely convey everything required. 

At this point in the process, you may find it useful to review the preliminary plan you presented for initial management approval (see Chapter2). That "first take" necessarily lacked the detail you are now able to provide. For example, your initial estimates of time requirements might have predicted 18 months for system design and installation now you reali2e that 24 months will be needed. While the initial plan will require changes, it should have components (organizational, stylistic, narrative) that can be adapted for use in the formal plan. 

Thomas Hancock (1785-1865) is designated the father of the rubber industry and to him Great Britain is indebted for the honour of being the first country to manufacture rubber successfully as a large-scale project. His first major discovery, in 1819, was the process of masticating and mixing raw rubber. His subsequent claim, in his Personal Narrative published in 1857, that this was unquestionably the origin and commencement of the India-rubber manufacture, properly so called , has been amply verified since. 

A model of object state is used to define a vocabulary of precise terms on which to base an analysis, specification, or design. A well-written document should contain plenty of narrative text in natural language along with illustrative diagrams of all kinds, but the type models are used to make sure that there are no gaps or misunderstandings. More on this in Chapter 5, Effective Documentation. 

The appearance of a type in more than one diagram means only that it has the attributes and operations gathered together from all its appearances. All OO analysis and design support tools allow you to separate big models into smaller diagrams. Some of them make it easy for the individual diagrams to be embedded within narrative text with others, you must cut and paste. 

The NCO should not be a mere repetition of the data presented in the narrative summaries a more analytical approach is needed to arrive at a robust risk-benefit balance. Any issues should be addressed and instances where the development program has deviated from the standard study designs or guidelines should be explained and justified. Negative findings should not be glossed over or omitted but should be dealt with openly and in an unbiased manner. Care should be taken to ensure that the NCO and written summaries are in agreement and do not contain any contradictions. 

The design specification describes, in a narrative and/or pictorial form, how the software will accomplish the software requirements and the interactions with the hardware to accomplish various functions of the device s design. 11 The most recent FDA validation guidance,12 which is exclusively applicable to medical devices, provides comprehensive information on the implementation of applicable software validation regulations to medical device computer systems performing regulated operations. 

The technical design specification deliverable may include block diagrams, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, loop control calculations, and narrative descriptions. 

A short narrative description of the design and results of each study. 

A short narrative of each study, including study design, conduct, and analysis. This section should be of sufficient detail to allow the reader to understand what the dose was and what data were collected and analyzed for efficacy and safety determinations. Quantitative results should be provided, and the statistical methodologies, specific endpoints used, and any patient inclusion and exclusions should be described. 

A brief, narrative description of the procedures and facility design features for the control of contamination, cross-contamination, and containment (air pressure cascades, segregation of operations and products, etc.)... 

The present chapter is not meant to be exhaustive. Rather, an attempt has been made to introduce the reader to the major concepts and tools used by catalytic reaction engineers. Section 2 gives a review of the most important reactor types. This is deliberately not done in a narrative way, i.e. by describing the physical appearance of chemical reactors. Emphasis is placed on the way mathematical model equations are constructed for each category of reactor. Basically, this boils down to the application of the conservation laws of mass, energy and possibly momentum. Section 7.3 presents an analysis of the effect of the finite rate at which reaction components and/or heat are supplied to or removed from the locus of reaction, i.e. the catalytic site. Finally, the material developed in Sections 7.2 and 7.3 is applied to the design of laboratory reactors and to the analysis of rate data in Section 7.4. 

Sufficient versus insufficient evidence. Three generic criteria are applied to describe data that are insufficient (1) there are no data, (2) deficiency in study design or insufficient detail available to allow analysis, and P) data are insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion. The evaluative process requires a uvight of evidence approach to determine (insufficiency of data as summarized in a narrative document. The evaluation process determines whether the collective toxicity data ore (insufficient to judge that there is an adverse effect under specified exposure conditions or whether the data are (insufficient to conclude the absence of adverse effects under specified exposure condition. 

The brief survey was designed to highlight certain top line issues. The closed-end questions were developed by PwC and BRIDGES to elicit uniform, comparable, and measurable responses. However, respondents were given the opportunity to add their own narrative responses throughout. Prior to distribution, the questionnaire was reviewed by industry representatives, a process facilitated through the AIChE, to test relevance and survey mechanics. 

Systematic reviews are recent additions to the medical literature. In contrast to traditional narrative reviews, these reviews aim to answer a precisely defined clinical question and to do so in a way that is transparent and designed to minimize bias. Some of the defining features of systematic reviews are (1) a clear definition of the clinical question to be addressed, (2) an extensive and explicit strategy to find ail studies (published or unpublished) that may be eligible for inclusion in the review, (3) criteria by which studies are included and excluded, (4) a mechanism to assess the quahty of each study and, in some cases, (5) synthesis of results by use of statistical techniques of meta-analysis. By contrast, traditional reviews are subjective, are rarely well focused on a clinical question, lack explicit criteria for selection of studies to be reviewed, do not indicate criteria to assess the quality of included studies, and rarely can use meta-analysis. 

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