Nanoparticle intercalation

Jang JS, Kim HG, Reddy VR, Bae SW, Ji SM, Lee JS (2005) Photocatalytic water splitting over iron oxide nanoparticles intercalated in HTiNb(Ta)05 layered compounds. J Gatal 231 213-222... 

Using a dynamic collection of droplets in a gas medium is also a well-known procedure to restrict the reaction volumes and obtain nanoparticulate materials by a thermally promoted reaction (spray pyrolysis]. Chidembo et al. [112] used an in situ spray pyrolysis approach to fabricate metal oxide-graphene composites with highly porous morphologies. The materials exhibited unique globular structures comprising metal oxide nanoparticles intercalated between graphene sheets. 

Valarezo, E., Tammaro, L., Gonzalez, S., Malagon, O., and Vittoria, V. (2013) Fabrication and sustained release properties of poly(e-caprolactone) electrospun fibers loaded with layered double hydroxide nanoparticles intercalated with amoxicillin. Appl. Clay Set, 72, 104-109. 

Fig. 7 XRD patterns of the PVP-protected Rh kaolinite showing Rh nanoparticles intercalated in the interlamellar space at different polymer content...

Fig. 9 XRD patterns of Rh kaoUnite showing Rh nanoparticles intercalated in the interlameUar space at different Rh content...

Shim J-J (2015) Ultrasmall Sn02 nanoparticle-intercalated graphene polyaniline composites as an active electrode material for supeieapacitors in different electrolytes. Synth Met 207 110-115... 

As mentioned above, employment of MWCNT for field emitter will be one of the most important applications of MWCNT. For this purpose, MWCNT is prepared by the chemical purification process [30,38], in which graphite debris and nanoparticles are removed by oxidation with the aid of CuCl2 intercalation [38]. Purified MWCNT is obtained in the form of black and thin "mat" (a flake with thickness of ca. a few hundreds of [im). Figure 7 shows a typical transmission electron microscope (TEM) picture of MWCNT with an open end, which reveals that a cap is etched off and the central cavity is exposed. 

PP-g-MA) silicate nanocomposites and intercalated thermoset silicate nanocomposites for flame-retardant applications were characterised by XRD and TEM [333], XRD, TEM and FTIR were also used in the study of ID CdS nanoparticle-poly(vinyl acetate) nanorod composites prepared by hydrothermal polymerisation and simultaneous sulfidation [334], The CdS nanoparticles were well dispersed in the polymer nanorods. The intercalation of polyaniline (PANI)-DDBSA (dodecylbenzene-sulfonate) into the galleries of organo-montmorillonite (MMT) was confirmed by XRD, and significantly large 4-spacing expansions (13.3-29.6A) were observed for the nanocomposites [335],... 

In the case of LASIP with clay nanoparticles, polystyrene was grafted using a DPE coinitiator. The montmorillonite clay surface and intergallery interfaces were intercalated with 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) modified to be an organic cation as shown in Fig. 4. Its intercalation was confirmed by a series of characterization methods including X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, and XPS. The results showed a complete replacement of... 

Morphology evolution is thus found to be dependent on the processing technique applied to disperse the nanoparticles. The latex-blended and prevulcanized nanocomposites show predominant exfoliation with some intercalation, especially in uncured and prevulcanized samples. In conventionally cured but latex-blended nanocomposites, realignment of NA particles is visible, with a greater tendency of NA platelets towards agglomeration. In solid state mixing, the dispersion is still poorer. XRD studies also corroborate the above observations. 

Figure 12.25 (a) Assembly of a Au nanoparticles wire in the poly A/polyT template using Au nanoparticles functionalized with intercalator (psoralen) molecules, (b) AFM image of the Au nanoparticles wire in the poly A/polyT template. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 91. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. 

The reported strategies utilized in DNA sensing include (1) sequence-specific hybridization processes based on the oxidation signal of most electroactive DNA bases, guanine and adenine [13,24] or (2) quasi-specific detection of small molecules capable of binding by intercalation or complexation with DNA, such as metal coordination complexes, antibiotics, pesticides, pollutants, etc. [17,18] or in the presence of some metal tags such as gold, silver nanoparticles, etc. [23,50,51]. 

In numerous works dealing with the combination of nanoparticles and FR compounds, surface modifications of nanoparticles were only aimed to promote good dispersion of the nanoparticles into the polymer matrix (with intercalated or exfoliated morphologies for layered silicates as nanoparticles), even in the presence of the usual FRs, for example ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or magnesium hydroxide (MH). The initial aim was to combine the individual effects of each component to achieve strong synergistic effects. 

It was also noticed by the same authors19 that the incorporation of the OMMT in EVA instead of PA6, keeping constant the global composition, led to a strong decrease in heat released, but with a different evolution of HRR as a function of time. This was ascribed to different morphologies of clays (mixed intercalated/exfoliated versus completely exfoliated) for the polymer blend. Consequently, the formulation process of complex FR systems involving polymer blends and made up of nanoparticles in combination with FRs seems crucial. 

Expandable interlayers provide an alternative way for rapid delivery. Migration, even if promoted by an incompatible interlayer, is sometimes not rapid enough to deliver active substances to the surface therefore, a new adaptive concept has been developed recently [53,54], A material utilizing this mechanism contains a phosphorylated polyol (PPOL) interlayer of relatively low decomposition temperature intercalated between layers of nanoparticle. At the early stage of fire action the gaseous degradation products of the interlayer separate the nanolayers and drive them to the surface in the most rapid way. 

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