Applied processes and techniques

Solution rubber plants are generally integrated into larger production sites, which deliver the required feedstocks (solvent and monomers), electricity, steam, treated water, and take back the solvents for purification or combustion. However, some plants generate their own steam and treated water and import the monomers and solvent. 

Typically, a solution diene mbber process can be subdivided into the following process steps  

The principle emission of VOC is from the finishing stage, but diffuse (fugitive) emissions can occur from all stages of the process. If applicable, hydrogenation would occur in a separate stage between polymerisation and blending. 

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Applied processes and techniques in the production of polyvinyl chloride... 

Examples of strategies for safe designs are prevent large volumes, intensify contact, reduce the need for aids (like solvents), use little intermediate storage. One can immediately see the similarities between intrinsically safe design and process intensification. This also means that applying process intensification techniques is beneficial for process safety. 

All of these issues have been addressed in this book. Science is a process and technique for learning about our world. It must be used properly if the results it generates can be applied to problems society deems important. This is where the abuse and confusion arise. 

The BREF document is based on more than 250 sources of information. Foundry research institutes provided an important share of this information and played an active role in the information exchange. Local BAT notes from various Member States gave the information exchange a firm basis. The majority of the documents provided in the information exchange dealt with processes and techniques as applied in ferrous foundries. Throughout the writing of the BREF the non-ferrous foundry processes have been underrepresented. This is reflected in a lower level of detail in the BAT conclusions for non-ferrous foundries. 

GENERAL PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN THE PRODUCTION OF POLYMERS... 

It is particularly in the serial inspection of castings, that radioscopy constitutes state-of-the-art when applied in conjunction with systems for image intensification, digital image processing and automatic image evaluation. For the examination of welds, however, standardization is still non-existent, thus rendering more difficult the application of this inspection technique.As a consequence the approval procedures of the respective supervisory or certification boards are often complicated and of necessity set up for each individual case. 

Theoretical and applied aspects of microwave heating, as well as the advantages of its application are discussed for the individual analytical processes and also for the sample preparation procedures. Special attention is paid to the various preconcentration techniques, in part, sorption and extraction. Improvement of microwave-assisted solution preconcentration is shown on the example of separation of noble metals from matrix components by complexing sorbents. Advantages of microwave-assisted extraction and principles of choice of appropriate solvent are considered for the extraction of organic contaminants from solutions and solid samples by alcohols and room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). 

When a single technique is employed only local life-cycle cost minimization is achieved. If the global life-cycle cost is to be minimized, a number of techniques have to be applied (Watson et al., 1996). In this case, tools and techniques shouldn t compete with each other, but be complementary in the product development process. The correct positioning of the various off-line tools and techniques in the product development process, therefore, becomes an important consideration in their effective usage. Patterns of application have been proposed by a number of workers over several years (Brown et al., 1989 Jakobsen, 1993 Norell, 1993) and the importance of concurrency has been highlighted as a critical factor in their use (Poolton and Barclay, 1996). 

Before setting about the task of developing such a model, the product development process requires definition along with an indication of its key stages, this is so the appropriate tools and techniques can be applied (Booker et al., 1997). In the approach presented here in Figure 5.11, the product development phases are activities generally defined in the automotive industry (Clark and Fujimoto, 1991). QFD Phase 1 is used to understand and quantify the importance of customer needs and requirements, and to support the definition of product and process requirements. The FMEA process is used to explore any potential failure modes, their likely Occurrence, Severity and Detectability. DFA/DFM techniques are used to minimize part count, facilitate ease of assembly and project component manufacturing and assembly costs, and are primarily aimed at cost reduction. 

The use of any of the above techniques demands knowledge, experience, and flexibility. No prescriptive set of questions or key words or list is sufficient to cover all processes, hazards, and all impacted populations. As a research chemist reviews a chemistry and its potential application, there are advantages to maintaining an open mind when applying the various techniques designed to open up avenues of thought. The reader is referred to Chapter 7 for additional information and direction on the choice of process hazard review techniques. 

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