Nanodiamonds synthesis

Danilenko VV (2004) On the history of the discovery of nanodiamond synthesis. Phys Solid... 

Dolmatov VY (2007) Detonation-synthesis nanodiamonds synthesis, structure, properties and application. Russ Chem Rev 76(4) 339-360... 

Today nanotechnology includes the synthesis, characterization, and application of a variety of nanostructured materials. Different carbon nanostrucmres exist simultaneously at the nanoscale, including carbon nanotubes, carbon onions, nanodiamond (ND), and diamondoids, all showing unique and novel properties [1]. 

Danilenko VV (2005) Specific features of synthesis of detonation nanodiamonds. Combust... 

Depending on the method of their preparation, the individual nanodiamond particles do not exist as isolated crystallites, but they form tightly bound agglomerates. Apart from unordered sp - and sp -hybridized carbon, they may also include other impurities. The latter may originate either from synthesis or purification, for example, finely dispersed material from the reactor walls may contaminate the sample (Section 5.3). This is especially true for material produced by the detonation or shock wave method, whereas hydrogen-terminated diamond nanoparticles do not show this effect. 

Figure 5.18 IR-spectra of nanodiamond from different sources (a) detonation synthesis with water as coolant, (b) with CO2 as coolant. Due to the wet-chemical processing both spectra show strong signals of adsorbed water (dotted lines).

As discussed in Section 5.2.2, nanodiamond particles produced by detonation or shock wave synthesis exhibit a primary surface functionalization right from the preparation. It comprises a multitude of different groups, so it should be possible to make use of these functional groups. To ensure a reproducible quality of the secondary products obtained, however, a homogenization of the primary functionalities is required. There are several strategies to achieve this (Figure 5.29). 

Kuznetsov, V.L. and Butenko, Y.V. (2005) Nanodiamond Graphitization and Properties of Onion-like Carbon, in Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond, NATO Science Series, vol. 192 (eds D.M. Gruen,... 

Kharisov BI, Kharissova OV, Chavez-Gnerrero L. Synthesis techniqnes, properties, and applications of nanodiamonds. Synth React Inorg Met 2010 40 84-101. 

Carbon-based polymer nano composites represent an interesting type of advanced materials with structural characteristics that allow them to be applied in a variety of fields. Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials provides homogeneous dispersion and strong interfacial interaction when they are incorporated into polymer matrices. These features confer superior properties to the polymer nanocomposites. This chapter focuses on nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes and graphene due to their importance as reinforcement fillers in polymer nanocomposites. The most common methods of synthesis and functionalization of these carbon nanomaterials are explained and different techniques of nanocomposite preparation are briefly described. The performance achieved in polymers by the introduction of carbon nanofillers in the mechanical and tribological properties is highlighted, and the hardness and scratching behavior of the nanocomposites are also discussed. 

R. Zhang, Z. Shi, Y. Liu, and J. Yin, Synthesis and characterization of polybenzimidazole-nanodiamond hybrids via in situ polymerization method. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 125 (4), 3191-3199,2012. 

Solid-state NMR C, H and F were used to investigate the surface chemistry of nanodiamonds made from different synthesis. Different surface groups were identified. 

For C-based QDs, nanodiamond and carbon dots are most extensively reported. Synthesis techniques include surface modification, oxidation with concentrated acid, electrochemistry, laser ablation, organic carbonization, and template methods. ... 

Many methods have been reported for production of nanodiamonds (NDs) such as laser ablation, " plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition," autoclave synthesis from supercritical fluids, ion irradiation of graphite, chlorination of carbides, electron irradiation of carbon onions, and ultrasound cavitation. Smaller NDs can be prepared by detonation processes that yield aggregates of NDs with sizes of 4-5 nm embedded in a detonation soot composed of other carbon allotropes and impurities. An explosive mixture having an overall negative oxygen balance provides a source of both carbon and energy for the conversion. Because of their small size (2-10 nm) detonation NDs have also been referred to as ultradispersed, nanocrystalline... 

Daulton, T.L., Nanodiamonds in the cosmos microstmctural and trapped elements isotopic data, in Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond, Gmen, D., Shenderova, O., Vul A.Ya., eds., NATO Science Series II Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Springer, Dordrecht, 192, 49, 2005. 

The purpose of providing a brief overview on recent reviews of nanocomposite materials that discuss synthesis, structure properties, and applications is to bring to the reader s attention the nascence of this field and justify the rare availability of degradation studies of these materials when we have only recently embarked on our journey to understanding the fundamentals about them. Nevertheless, a few examples of degradation studies of nanocomposite materials are provided with the hope of advances towards mechanistic aspects of degradation with nanomaterials components. Chrisaffis et al [56, 57] report studies on the decomposition mechanisms of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) nanocomposites with two different types of nano fillers multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon nanodiamonds (NDs). sPS is a semicrystalline polymer considered to be a... 

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