Carbon nanofillers

George and Bhowmick [147] have also studied the influence of the polarity of EVA (40, 50, 60, and 70% vinyl acetate content) and the nature of the nanofiller [expanded graphite (EG), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and CNFs] on the mechanical properties of EVA/carbon nanofiller nanocomposites. They pointed out that the enhancement in mechanical properties with the addition of various... 

R. Kotsilkova, D. Fragiadakis, and P. Pissis, Reinforcement effect of carbon nanofillers in an epoxy resin system rheology, molecular dynamics, and mechanical studies, J. Polym. Sci. B 43, 522-533 (2005). 

Graphene is considered bidimensional carbon nanofiller with a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp -bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. It is regarded as one of the thinnest materials with tremendous application potential. Graphene and poly-mer/graphene nanocomposites have remarkable properties, among these ... 

Beckert F, Trenkle S, Thomann R, Miilhaupt R. Mechanochemical route to functionalized graphene and carbon nanofillers for graphene/SBR nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng 2014 12 1513-20. 

Theoretical thermal conductivity of CNFs is estimated to be 1950 W m -K The thermal conductivity of carbon nanofillers obeys Equation 3.1 [90] ... 

Carbon-based polymer nano composites represent an interesting type of advanced materials with structural characteristics that allow them to be applied in a variety of fields. Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials provides homogeneous dispersion and strong interfacial interaction when they are incorporated into polymer matrices. These features confer superior properties to the polymer nanocomposites. This chapter focuses on nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes and graphene due to their importance as reinforcement fillers in polymer nanocomposites. The most common methods of synthesis and functionalization of these carbon nanomaterials are explained and different techniques of nanocomposite preparation are briefly described. The performance achieved in polymers by the introduction of carbon nanofillers in the mechanical and tribological properties is highlighted, and the hardness and scratching behavior of the nanocomposites are also discussed. 

Table 10.2 presents a summary of the properties reviewed in this chapter according to the type of carbon nanofillers used. The enhancements provided by these nanomaterials are diverse indicating that there are still many challenges for explaning the structure-property relationships of carbon-based polymer nanocomposites. 

In the previous paragraphs, carbon nanofillers such as nanotubes and graphite nanoparticles were examined. An intriguing carbon nanofiller is undoubtedly nano-CB. A preliminary crucial aspect is to define the meaning of nano-CB. By considering the diameter of primary particle, most carbon blacks could be classified as nano-CB, " as it is shown in Table 2.7. In fact, as mentioned in the Introduction, according to the acknowledged definition, a nanoparticle should have at least one dimension of the order of 100 nm or less . However, it was... 

The thermal stability of nanocomposites containing cyanate ester/MWCNTs was found to be dependent on the surface modification of CNTs [93]. The results showed that the presence of unmodified MWCNTs in the nanocomposites produced a decrease of the initial decomposition temperature and a char yield similar to the neat resin. On the contrary, the initial decomposition temperature increased with 20 °C in the presence of modified MWCNTs. Moreover, the char yield of the nanocomposites containing modified MWCNTs was much higher than that of the cyanate ester resin. These results proved that the nature of carbon nanofiller is important for developing new nanocomposites with enhanced thermal properties. 

Gerorge, J.J., Bhowmick, A.K. Influence of matrix polarity on the properties of ethylene vinyl acetate-carbon nanofiller nancomposite. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 4, 655-664 (2009)... 

Recently, polymer nanocomposites utilizing different carbon nanofillers attracted special attention. The advances in the science and technology of such nanocomposites were reviewed [220,230-232]. Basic attention was paid to the use of such... 

This chapter focuses on the non-linear viscoelastic behavior of rubber composites and nanocomposites. Here, we have discussed about the effect of individual fillers (mineral fillers, nanotubes, carbon nanofillers, fibrous nanofiUers, biofillers, special structured fillers viz. nanorods, nanowires, nanoflowers etc.) on the linear/ nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of rubber composites. Moreover, as this chapter is more concerned on the non-linear viscoelastic behavior, we have also discussed the effect of hybrid fillers on the nonUnear viscoelastic behavior of rubber composites in more detail. 

There are various types of carbon nanofillers which include carbon black, multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) [27]. In this section the effect of these nano fillers on viscoelastic behavior is thoroughly discussed. The physicomechanical properties of conductive carbon black (CCB) filled ethylene acrylic elastomer (AEM) vulcanizates have been reported by B.P. Sahoo et al. They have discussed thoroughly about the effect carbon black concentration on the viscoelastic behavior of CCB-AEM nanocomposites with respect to temperature variation. Figure 10a, b represents the variation of storage modulus and loss modulus with temperature. It is observed that the value of storage modulus (E ) increased with increase in filler loading in the... 

Additionally, the coextruded skin layer present on these precursor tapes was identified by Deng et al. as a potential medium for carrying additives such as carbon nanofillers [170]. While earlier studies showed that the tape cores could be made electrically conductive by the addition of carbon nanofiUers [171, 172], the ability to contain the nanofillers exclusively within the coextruded lower melting temperature skin layer allows the use of thermal annealing to cause reaggregation of the nanofillers, leading to a further increase in electrical conductivity. 

A wide variety of nanofillers have been investigated. In the case of carbon nanofillers polymer functionalization (Blundell and Osborn, 1983 Diez-Pascual, Martinez, and Gdmez, 2009), covalent grafting (Oh et al., 2006), and nanofiller wrapping in compatibilizing systems (Diez-Pascual et al., 2009 Diez-Pascual et al., 2010) have been tried to improve the performance of polyketone-based nanocomposites (Diez-Pascual, Naffakh, Marco, Ellis et al., 2012). 

The majority of the research work recently published in the area of carbon nanofillers focuses on the characterization of polymer composites with functionalized-graphene sheets, as indicated in a bibliometric survey conducted by Peng et al. (Lv et al., 2011). However, some studies are available in which the characterization of mechanical and functional properties of polymer—intercalated/exfoliated graphite oxide or GO is reported, as summarized in the following sections. 

Ghose, S., Watson, K.A., EUiott, H.A., Working, D.C., Criss, JM., Dudley, K.L., Connell, J.W., 2006. Fabrication and characterization of high temperature resin/carbon Nanofiller composites. In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference, pp. 69-77. 

Deng H, Zhang R, Bilotti E, Loos J, Peijs T (2009) Conductive polymer tape containing highly oriented carbon nanofillers. J Appl Polym Sci 113 742... 

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